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arXiv:1309.4614 · Journal of Mathematical Physics

Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector in quantum mechanics in noncommutative space

Veronika Gáliková, Samuel Kováčik, Peter Prešnajder

Published Dec 1, 2013• 39 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The main point of this paper is to examine a “hidden” dynamical symmetry connected with the conservation of Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector (LRL) in the hydrogen atom problem solved by means of non-commutative quantum mechanics (NCQM). The basic features of NCQM will be introduced to the reader, the key one being the fact that the notion of a point, or a zero distance in the considered configuration space, is abandoned and replaced with a “fuzzy” structure in such a way that the rotational invariance is preserved. The main facts about the conservation of LRL vector in both classical and quantum theory will be reviewed. Finally, we will search for an analogy in the NCQM, provide our results and their comparison with the QM predictions. The key notions we are going to deal with are non-commutative space, Coulomb-Kepler problem, and symmetry.

DOI
10.1063/1.4835615

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The main point of this paper is to examine a “hidden” dynamical symmetry connected with the conservation of Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector (LRL) in the hydrogen atom problem solved by means of non-commutative quantum mechanics (NCQM). The basic features of NCQM will be introduced to the reader, the key one being the fact that the notion of a point, or a zero distance in the considered configuration space, is abandoned and replaced with a “fuzzy” structure in such a way that the rotational invariance is preserved. The main facts about the conservation of LRL vector in both classical and quantum theory will be reviewed. Finally, we will search for an analogy in the NCQM, provide our results and their comparison with the QM predictions. The key notions we are going to deal with are non-commutative space, Coulomb-Kepler problem, and symmetry.
This paper provides an examination of how are prediction of standard quantum mechanic (QM) affected by introducing a noncommutative (NC) structure into the configuration space of the considered system (electron in the Coulomb potential in the present case). The parameter controlling the extent of modification is denoted as {\lambda}. The coordinates in the NC space are realized via creation and annihilation operators acting in an auxiliary Fock space, this one being chosen in such a way that the rotational invariance of the system remains intact also in NCQM. Analog of Schr\"odinger equation for hydrogen atom is found and analytically solved, both for bound states and scattering. The exact formulas for NC corrections are given. None of the NC predictions contradicts experimentally verified QM results, since in the correspondence limit {\lambda} -> 0 both QM and NCQM coincide. Highly surprising feature of the NC version is the existence of bound states for repulsive potential at ultra-high energies. However, these disappear from the Hilbert space in the mentioned limit. The whole problem is solved also using a method analogous to that of Pauli. Besides rotational invariance, the dynamical symmetry related to the conservation of NC analog of Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector is being used and the results obtained this way are in the full agreement with those given by "Schr\"odinger-like" approach. The presented NC deformation of QM preserves all those mysterious properties of the Coulomb system that made it a distinguished key-stone of the modern physics.
In the problem of inverse-square force, there exists a hidden SO(4) symmetry, which is manifested as a conserved quantity the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector in the classical Kepler problem, and as the degeneracy of hydrogen atom energy levels beyond the three-dimensional rotational symmetry in quantum mechanics. This paper presents a more intuitive representation of this hidden symmetry through geometric imagery. Additionally, the paper derives in detail the relevant formulas for the raising and lowering operators corresponding to this symmetry in quantum mechanics.
The hydrogen atom has historically played a foundational role in the development of quantum mechanics, where its discrete energy spectrum is conventionally derived from solutions of the Schrödinger wave equation. In this work we present an alternative formulation in which the hydrogen spectrum emerges without invoking the Schrödinger equation. We consider a semi-quantum framework in which the electron is treated as a classical particle governed by Poisson-bracket dynamics while interacting with a quantized electromagnetic field described using second quantization. The electron moves in the Coulomb potential generated by the proton and simultaneously couples to quantized electromagnetic modes through minimal coupling. The Coulomb system possesses a hidden dynamical symmetry characterized by the Runge–Lenz vector, which enlarges the rotational symmetry to an group for bound states. Within this framework, interactions between the classical particle and the quantized field induce an effective commutation structure in the particle’s phase space. Once this structure emerges, the algebra of the conserved quantities associated with the Runge–Lenz vector becomes identical to the operator algebra used in Pauli’s symmetry-based derivation of the hydrogen spectrum. Consequently, the discrete hydrogen energy levels arise naturally from the combined effects of Coulomb symmetry and particle–field interaction, offering a physically transparent interpretation of atomic quantization and suggesting that wave–particle duality may arise dynamically from interactions with quantized electromagnetic fields.
Consider the problem: why does the bound state spectrum E(n)<0E(n) < 0E(n)<0, of hydrogen atom Hamiltonian HHH have more degenerate eigenstates than those required by rotational symmetry? The answer is well known and was demonstrated by Pauli. It is due to an additional conserved vector, A⃗\vec AA, of HHH, called the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector, that was first discovered for planetary orbits. However, surprisingly, a direct link between degenerate eigenstates of HHH and the physical labels that describe them is missing. To provide such a link requires, as we show, solving a subtle problem of self adjoint operators. In our discussions we address a number of conceptual historical aspects regarding hydrogen atom that also include a careful discussion of both the classical as well as the quantum vector A⃗\vec AA.
Pauli first noticed the hidden SO(4) symmetry for the Hydrogen atom in the early stages of quantum mechanics [1]. Departing from that symmetry, one can recover the spectrum of a spinless hydrogen atom and the degeneracy of its states without explicitly solving Schrodinger's equation [2]. In this paper, we derive that SO(4) symmetry and spectrum using a computer algebra system (CAS). While this problem is well known [3, 4], its solution involves several steps of manipulating expressions with tensorial quantum operators, simplifying them by taking into account a combination of commutator rules and Einstein's sum rule for repeated indices. Therefore, it is an excellent model to test the current status of CAS concerning this kind of quantum-and-tensor-algebra computations. Generally speaking, when capable, CAS can significantly help with manipulations that, like non-commutative tensor calculus subject to algebra rules, are tedious, time-consuming and error-prone. The presentation also shows a pattern of computer algebra operations that can be useful for systematically tackling more complicated symbolic problems of this kind.