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arXiv:1303.6473

Classical random field viewpoint to Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad equation and its linear and nonlinear generalizations

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

Published Mar 25, 2013• 0 citations
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Abstract

We show that the basic equation of theory of open systems, Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad equation, as well as its linear and nonlinear generalizations have a natural classical probabilistic interpretation - in the framework of prequantum classical statistical field theory. The latter gives an example of a classical probabilistic model (with random fields as subquantum variables) reproducing the basic probabilistic predictions of quantum mechanics.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1303.6473

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•Jan 1, 2011•6 citations
We show that the basic equation of theory of open systems, Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad equation, as well as its linear and nonlinear generalizations have a natural classical probabilistic interpretation - in the framework of prequantum classical statistical field theory. The latter gives an example of a classical probabilistic model (with random fields as subquantum variables) reproducing the basic probabilistic predictions of quantum mechanics.
The theory of open quantum systems is one of the most essential tools for the development of quantum technologies. Furthermore, the Lindblad (or Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad) master equation plays a key role as it is the most general generator of Markovian dynamics in quantum systems. In this paper, we present this equation together with its derivation and methods of resolution. The presentation tries to be as self-contained and straightforward as possible to be useful to readers with no previous knowledge of this field.
One of the crucial differences between mathematical models of classical and quantum mechanics (QM) is the use of the tensor product of the state spaces of subsystems as the state space of the corresponding composite system. (To describe an ensemble of classical composite systems, one uses random variables taking values in the Cartesian product of the state spaces of subsystems.) We show that, nevertheless, it is possible to establish a natural correspondence between the classical and the quantum probabilistic descriptions of composite systems. Quantum averages for composite systems (including entangled) can be represented as averages with respect to classical random fields. It is essentially what Albert Einstein dreamed of. QM is represented as classical statistical mechanics with infinite-dimensional phase space. While the mathematical construction is completely rigorous, its physical interpretation is a complicated problem. We present the basic physical interpretation of prequantum classical statistical field theory in Sec. II. However, this is only the first step toward real physical theory.
In a series of previous papers we developed a purely field model of microphenomena, so called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). This model not only reproduces important probabilistic predictions of QM including correlations for entangled systems, but it also gives a possibility to go beyond quantum mechanics (QM), i.e., to make predictions of phenomena which could be observed at the subquantum level. In this paper we discuss one of such predictions - existence of nonlocal correlations between prequantum random fields corresponding to {\it all} quantum systems. (And by PCSFT quantum systems are represented by classical Gaussian random fields and quantum observables by quadratic forms of these fields.) The source of these correlations is the common background field. Thus all prequantum random fields are "entangled", but in the sense of classical signal theory. On one hand, PCSFT demystifies quantum nonlocality by reducing it to nonlocal classical correlations based on the common random background. On the other hand, it demonstrates total generality of such correlations. They exist even for distinguishable quantum systems in factorizable states (by PCSFT terminology - for Gaussian random fields with covariance operators corresponding to factorizable quantum states).
An open quantum system can be described by a master equation, of which one of the most popular is the Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad (GKSL) equation. We revisit description of driven-dissipative quantum systems focusing on the appropriate choice of the system's basis and the respective transformations. We consider the GKSL equation in different bases and calculate the dynamics for a qubit and for a qudit. An appropriate choice of the basis is a fundamental problem for theoretical consideration of open quantum systems and provides an opportunity to obtain the desired evolution in practice.
Abstract We present an alternative derivation of the Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad (GKSL) equation based on complex Riccati equations and the associated dynamical invariants. Our formulation introduces time-dependent coefficients, which satisfy the constraints imposed by the Robertson-Schrödinger uncertainty relations, as previously discussed by Dekker et al. in the time-independent case. This time dependence may provide new insights and perspectives for extending the framework to non-Markovian systems.
An open quantum system is a quantum system that interacts with some environment whose degrees of freedom have been coarse grained away. This model describes non-equilibrium processes more general than scattering-matrix formulations. Furthermore, the microscopically-derived environment provides a model of noise, dissipation and decoherence far more general than Markovian (white noise) models. The latter are fully characterized by Lindblad equations and can be motivated phenomenologically. Non-Markovian processes consistently account for backreaction with the environment and can incorporate effects such as finite temperature and spatial correlations. We consider linear systems with bilinear coupling to the environment, or quantum Brownian motion, and nonlinear systems with weak coupling to the environment. For linear systems we provide exact solutions with analytical results for a variety of spectral densities. Furthermore, we point out an important mathematical subtlety which led to incorrect master-equation coefficients in earlier derivations, given nonlocal dissipation. For nonlinear systems we provide perturbative solutions by translating the formalism of canonical perturbation theory into the context of master equations. It is shown that unavoidable degeneracy causes an unfortunate reduction in accuracy between perturbative master equations and their solutions. We also extend the famous theorem of Lindblad, Gorini, Kossakowski and Sudarshan on completely positivity to non-Markovian master equations. Our application is primarily to model atoms interacting via a common electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field contains correlations in both space and time, which are related to its relativistic (photon-mediated) nature. As such, atoms residing in the same field experience different environmental effects depending upon their relative position and orientation. Our more accurate solutions were necessary to assess sudden death of entanglement at zero temperature. In contrast to previous claims, we found that all initial states of two-level atoms undergo finite-time disentanglement. We were also able to access regimes which cannot be described by Lindblad equations and other simpler methods, such as near resonance. Finally we revisit the infamous Abraham-Lorentz force, wherein a single particle in motion experiences backreaction from the electromagnetic field. This leads to a number of well-known problems including pre-acceleration and runaway solutions. We found a more a more-suitable open-system treatment of the nonrelativistic particle to be perfectly causal and dissipative without any extraneous requirements for finite size of the particle, weak coupling to the field, etc..