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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Quantum correlations and dynamics from classical random fields valued in complex Hilbert spaces

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

Published Aug 1, 2010• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

One of the crucial differences between mathematical models of classical and quantum mechanics (QM) is the use of the tensor product of the state spaces of subsystems as the state space of the corresponding composite system. (To describe an ensemble of classical composite systems, one uses random variables taking values in the Cartesian product of the state spaces of subsystems.) We show that, nevertheless, it is possible to establish a natural correspondence between the classical and the quantum probabilistic descriptions of composite systems. Quantum averages for composite systems (including entangled) can be represented as averages with respect to classical random fields. It is essentially what Albert Einstein dreamed of. QM is represented as classical statistical mechanics with infinite-dimensional phase space. While the mathematical construction is completely rigorous, its physical interpretation is a complicated problem. We present the basic physical interpretation of prequantum classical statistical field theory in Sec. II. However, this is only the first step toward real physical theory.

DOI
10.1063/1.3474600

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One of the crucial differences between mathematical models of classical and quantum mechanics (QM) is the use of the tensor product of the state spaces of subsystems as the state space of the corresponding composite system. (To describe an ensemble of classical composite systems, one uses random variables taking values in the Cartesian product of the state spaces of subsystems.) We show that, nevertheless, it is possible to establish a natural correspondence between the classical and the quantum probabilistic descriptions of composite systems. Quantum averages for composite systems (including entangled) can be represented as averages with respect to classical random fields. It is essentially what Albert Einstein dreamed of. QM is represented as classical statistical mechanics with infinite-dimensional phase space. While the mathematical construction is completely rigorous, its physical interpretation is a complicated problem. We present the basic physical interpretation of prequantum classical statistical field theory in Sec. II. However, this is only the first step toward real physical theory.
One of the crucial differences between mathematical models of classical and quantum mechanics is the use of the tensor product of the state spaces of subsystems as the state space of the corresponding composite system. (To describe an ensemble of classical composite systems one uses random variables taking values in the Cartesian product of the state spaces of subsystems.) We show that, nevertheless, it is possible to establish a natural correspondence between the classical and quantum probabilistic descriptions of composite systems. Quantum averages for composite systems (including entangled) can be represented as averages with respect to classical random fields. It is essentially what Albert Einstein was dreamed of. Quantum mechanics is represented as classical statistical mechanics with infinite-dimensional phase space. While the mathematical construction is completely rigorous, its physical interpretation is a complicated problem (which will not be discussed in this paper).
Albert Einstein did not believe in completeness of QM. He dreamed of creation of prequantum classical statistical mechanics such that QM will be reproduced as its approximation. He also dreamed of total exclusion of corpuscules from the future model. Reality of Einstein's dream was pure fields' reality. Recently I made his dream come true in the form of so called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). In this approach quantum systems are described by classical random fields, e.g., electromagnetic field (instead of photon), electron field or neutron field. In this paper we generalize PCSFT to composite quantum system. It is well known that in QM, unlike classical mechanics, the state of a composite system is described by the tensor product of state spaces for its subsystems. In PCSFT one can still use Cartesian product, but state spaces are spaces of classical fields (not particles). In particular, entanglement is nothing else than correlation of classical random fields, cf. again Einstein. Thus entanglement was finally demystified.
We show that the probabilistic formalism of QM can be obtained as a special projection of classical statistical mechanics for systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. Such systems can be interpreted as classical fields. Thus in our approach QM is a projection of (prequantum) classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). This projection is based on the Taylor expansion of classical physical variables – maps f: Ω → R, where Ω is the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space. The space of classical statistical states consists of Gaussian measures on Ω having zero mean value and negligibly small dispersion. On one hand, the creation of such a prequantum model strongly supports attempts (first of all by Schrödinger and Einstein) to create purely field model of QM. On the other hand, it gives the possibility to go beyond QM. The main experimental prediction is that averages calculated in the mathematical formalism of QM (von Neumann’s trace formula) are only approximative averages. If predictions of PCSFT are correct then it would be possible to find deviations of experimental averages from quantum ones. 1
We show that QM can be represented as a natural projection of a classical statistical model on the phase space Ω = H × H , where H is the real Hilbert space. Statistical states are given by Gaussian measures on Ω having zero mean value and dispersion of very small magnitude α (which is considered as a small parameter of the model). Such statistical states can be interpreted as fluctuations of the background field, cf. with SED and Nelson's mechanics. Physical variables (e.g., energy) are given by maps f : Ω → R (functions of classical fields). The conventional quantum representation of our prequantum classical statistical model is constructed on the basis of the Taylor expansion (up to the terms of the second order at the vacuum field point ψ vacuum ≡ 0) of variables f : Ω → R with respect to the small parameter √α The complex structure of QM is induced by the symplectic structure on the infinite-dimensional phase space Ω. A Gaussian measure (statistical state) is represented in QM by its covariation operator. Equations of Schrödinger, Heisenberg and von Neumann are images of Hamiltonian dynamics on Ω. The main experimental prediction of our prequantum model is that experimental statistical averages can deviate from ones given by QM.
We explored the stochastic analysis on a complex Hilbert space to show that one of the cornerstones of quantum mechanics (QM), namely Heisenberg's uncertainty relation, can be derived in the classical probabilistic framework. We created a new mathematical representation of quantum averages: as averages with respect to classical random fields. The existence of a classical stochastic model matching with Heisenberg's uncertainty relation makes the connection between classical and quantum probabilistic models essentially closer. In real physical situations, random fields are valued in the L2-space. Hence, although we model QM and not QFT, the classical systems under consideration have an infinite number of degrees of freedom. And in our modeling, infinite-dimensional stochastic analysis is the basic mathematical tool.
The idea that quantum mechanics (QM) is simply a version of classical field theory is very old. Recently this idea has been realized in a new mathematical framework - on the basis of theory of random fields (L2-valued random variables). Surprisingly (for at least orthodox Copenhagenist) fundamental predictions of QM can be reproduced on the basis of a purely wave model (prequantum classical statistical field theory, PCSFT). In particular, all quantum correlations (including correlations of composite systems in entangled states) can be represented as correlations of classical random signals. These signals fluctuate at the space-time scale which is essentially finer than the scale of quantum measurements. At the moment we are not able to monitor such signals. However, one can expect that increasing of the precision of measurements will provide such a possibility. In this paper we show that bosonic and fermionic correlations can be obtained in the classical field framework. Finally, we stress that QM can be reduced to theory of classical random fields only in the presence of a relatively strong background field.