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arXiv:1208.4967 · Physical Review A

Time-dependent spin dressing using a 3 He atomic beam

Stephen Eckel, S. K. Lamoreaux, M. E. Hayden, T. M. Ito

Published Mar 28, 2012• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We have performed high-precision experimental measurements of spin precession using a dressed ${}^{3}$He atomic beam. Spin dressing uses an oscillating magnetic field that is both detuned to high frequency and orthogonal to a static magnetic field to effectively change the gyromagnetic ratio of a spin. We verify the validity of the spin-dressing Hamiltonian in regions beyond the limiting solution in which the Larmor frequency is much smaller than the frequency of the dressing field. We also evaluate the effect of magnetic field misalignment, i.e. if the oscillating magnetic field is not orthogonal to the static magnetic field. Modulation of the dressing-field parameters is also discussed, with a focus on whether such a modulation can be approximated merely as a time-dependent, dressed gyromagnetic ratio. Furthermore, we discuss implications for a proposed search for the neutron electric dipole moment, which would employ spin dressing to make the effective ${}^{3}$He and neutron magnetic moments equal.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.85.032124

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We have performed high-precision experimental measurements of spin precession using a dressed 3{}^{3}3He atomic beam. Spin dressing uses an oscillating magnetic field that is both detuned to high frequency and orthogonal to a static magnetic field to effectively change the gyromagnetic ratio of a spin. We verify the validity of the spin-dressing Hamiltonian in regions beyond the limiting solution in which the Larmor frequency is much smaller than the frequency of the dressing field. We also evaluate the effect of magnetic field misalignment, i.e. if the oscillating magnetic field is not orthogonal to the static magnetic field. Modulation of the dressing-field parameters is also discussed, with a focus on whether such a modulation can be approximated merely as a time-dependent, dressed gyromagnetic ratio. Furthermore, we discuss implications for a proposed search for the neutron electric dipole moment, which would employ spin dressing to make the effective 3{}^{3}3He and neutron magnetic moments equal.
The neutron electric dipole moment experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source (nEDM@SNS experiment) proposes to measure the nEDM using the spin-dependent capture cross section of neutrons on 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He. The critical dressing mode of this experiment uses an oscillating magnetic field to dress the gyromagnetic ratios of neutrons and 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He to the same value. While this technique grants increased sensitivity to the nEDM by improving the signal-to-noise ratio, this mode of measurement also introduces additional noise from the power supply used to drive the dressing field. This can lead to randomly fluctuating magnetic fields which cause the spins of neutrons and 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He to drift apart over time. Here we use second-order time-dependent perturbation theory to compute relaxation and frequency shifts due to fluctuations in the dressing field in terms of the magnetic field noise power spectrum and compare these calculations to numerical solutions obtained by integrating the Bloch equations. We then use these results to develop mitigation strategies for this type of noise. Furthermore, we report on spin dressing modulation techniques that significantly amplify coherence times for the critically dressed system, and attempt to quantify the achievable coherence time.
We report a measurement of dressed spin effects of polarized 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He atoms from a cold atomic source traversing a region of a constant magnetic field B0{B}_{0}B0​ and a transverse oscillatory dressing field ${B}_{d}\mathrm{cos}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{d}t$. The observed effects are compared with a numerical simulation using the Bloch equation as well as a calculation based on the dressed atom formalism. An application of the dressed spin of 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He for a proposed neutron electric dipole moment measurement is also discussed.
We study the interactions between oscillating nonresonant rf fields and atoms with strong spin-exchange collisions in the presence of a weak dc magnetic field. We find that the atomic Larmor precession frequency shows a new functional form to the rf field parameters when the spin-exchange collision rate is tuned. In the weak rf field amplitude regime, a strong modification of atomic Larmor frequency appears when the spin-exchange rate is comparable to the rf field frequency. This effect has been neglected before due to its narrow observation window. We compare the experimental results with density matrix calculations, and explain the data by an underdamped oscillator model. When the rf field amplitude is large, there is a minimum atomic gyromagnetic ratio point due to the rf photon dressing, and we find that strong spin-exchange interactions modify the position of such a point.
In this paper, we experimentally study transient dynamics of spin polarized atoms in the spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) regime with a single-beam configuration. We pumped atoms with a weak detuning pumping beam, along with a sequence of magnetic field pulses orthogonal to the pumping beam were applied. The dynamics of atomic spin, which experiences Larmor precession under the perturbation of magnetic field, is detected by the transmitted pumping beam. Benefited from the long coherence time of atomic spin in the SERF regime, the dependence of precession frequency and decay rate, which is equal to the magnetic resonance linewidth of atomic spin, on magnetic fields is studied with the transient dynamics of atomic spin in the limit of low spin polarization. Moreover, we demonstrate that coil constants can be calibrated by analyzing the precession frequency of the transient dynamics of atomic spin. And the experimental results show that the coil constants are 114.25 ± 0.02 nT/mA and 114.12 ± 0.04 nT/mA in x- and y-axis, respectively. This method is particularly applicable to study the atomic spin dynamics and calibrate the coil constant in situ of a miniature single-beam SERF magnetometer.
The application of nonresonant electromagnetic fields, a technique known as 'dressing', provides critical control over the properties of fundamental quantum systems. We investigate the time evolution of a dressed-atom coherent spin ensemble, effectively representing a qubit, driven by a non-resonant electromagnetic field with two components, one along the quantisation static magnetic field and the other one orthogonal to it. While this second component produces a Larmor precession of the spin, the longitudinal dressing modifies the instantaneous field value, leading to a frequency modulated temporal evolution of the spin. This dual-dressing configuration represents an extension of the Landau-Zener multipassage interferometry in the presence of an additional dressing field controlling the tunneling process by its amplitude and phase. Our measurement of the qubit coherence introduces additional features to the transition probability readout of standard interferometry. The coherence time evolution is characterized by oscillations at several frequencies, each of them produced by a different quantum contribution. Such frequency description introduces a new picture of the qubit multipassage evolution. Our tuning-dressed configuration expands the toolbox for quantum state manipulation and quantum control applications. The experiments are performed in rubidium and caesium atomic magnetometers, confined in a magneto-optical trap and in a vapour cell, respectively. Static fields in the μT range and kHz oscillating fields with large Rabi frequencies are applied. Because the present low-frequency dressing operation does not fall within the standard Floquet engineering paradigm based on the high-frequency expansion, we develop an ad-hoc dressing perturbation treatment. Numerical simulations support the adiabatic and non-adiabatic qubit evolution.
The nEDM experiment at Oak Ridge’s Spallation Neutron Source will probe for an electric dipole moment of the neutron at an unprecedented level of sensitivity. Polarized 3He atoms dressed by a radio-frequency field are a crucial component. For field parameters comparable to the parameters being used in the nEDM experiment, numerical studies using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta solver reveal inadequacies in earlier analyses of 3He spin dynamics. It’s seen that neutron absorption is influenced by avoided level-crossings omitted previously. Also, the critical dressing condition, used to eliminate effects of the static magnetic field, requires modification. First-order perturbative corrections to eigenstates and third-order corrections to eigenenergies are needed to account for the impact of avoided level-crossings and the changes in the critical dressing condition, respectively.