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arXiv:1207.3849 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

When is a pure state of three qubits determined by its single-particle reduced density matrices?

Adam Sawicki, Michael Walter, Marek Kuś

Published Jan 21, 2013• 35 citations

Abstract

Using techniques from symplectic geometry, we prove that a pure state of three qubits is up to local unitaries uniquely determined by its one-particle reduced density matrices exactly when their ordered spectra belong to the boundary of the so-called Kirwan polytope. Otherwise, the states with given reduced density matrices are parameterized, up to local unitary equivalence, by two real variables. Given inevitable experimental imprecision, this means that already for three qubits a pure quantum state can never be reconstructed from single-particle tomography. We moreover show that the knowledge of the reduced density matrices is always sufficient if one is given the additional promise that the quantum state is not convertible to the Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state by stochastic local operations and classical communication, and discuss generalizations of our results to an arbitrary number of qubits.

DOI: 10.1088/1751-8113/46/5/055304

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Using techniques from symplectic geometry, we prove that a pure state of three qubits is up to local unitaries uniquely determined by its one-particle reduced density matrices exactly when their ordered spectra belong to the boundary of the so-called Kirwan polytope. Otherwise, the states with given reduced density matrices are parameterized, up to local unitary equivalence, by two real variables. Given inevitable experimental imprecision, this means that already for three qubits a pure quantum state can never be reconstructed from single-particle tomography. We moreover show that the knowledge of the reduced density matrices is always sufficient if one is given the additional promise that the quantum state is not convertible to the Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state by stochastic local operations and classical communication, and discuss generalizations of our results to an arbitrary number of qubits.

Given a specific spectra of the single-particle reduced density matrices of three qubits, the singular symplectic reduction method is applied to the projective Hilbert space of tripartite pure states, under the local unitary group action. The symplectic structure on the principal stratum of the symplectic quotient is obtained. A criterion from which the elements of the local normal model of the principal stratum can be constructed up to an equivalence relation and also the components of the reduced Hamiltonian dynamics on it are investigated. It is discussed that other lower dimensional strata are isolated points and so they are the fixed points of every reduced Hamiltonian flow, i.e. relative equilibria on the original manifold.

Given L-qubit states with the fixed spectra of reduced one-qubit density matrices, we find a formula for the minimal number of invariant polynomials needed for solving local unitary (LU) equivalence problem, that is, problem of deciding if two states can be connected by local unitary operations. Interestingly, this number is not the same for every collection of the spectra. Some spectra require less polynomials to solve LU equivalence problem than others. The result is obtained using geometric methods, i.e., by calculating the dimensions of reduced spaces, stemming from the symplectic reduction procedure.

We present a necessary and sufficient condition for three qutrit density matrices to be the one-particle reduced density matrices of a pure three-qutrit quantum state. The condition consists of seven classes of inequalities satisfied by the eigenvalues of these matrices. One of them is a generalization of a known inequality for the qubit case. Some of these inequalities are proved algebraically whereas the proof of the others uses the fact that a continuous function of the state must have a minimum. Construction of states satisfying these inequalities relies on a representation of the convex set of the allowed set of eigenvalues in terms of corner points. We also present a result for a more general quantum system concerning the nature of the boundary surface of the set of the allowed set of eigenvalues.

Abstract The possible spectra of one-particle reduced density matrices that are compatible with a pure multipartite quantum system of finite dimension form a convex polytope. We introduce a new construction of inner- and outer-bounding polytopes that constrain the polytope for the entire quantum system. The outer bound is sharp. The inner polytope stems only from doubly excited states. We find all quantum systems, where the bounds coincide giving the entire polytope. We show, that those systems are: (i) any system of two particles (ii) L qubits, (iii) three fermions on N ⩽ 7 levels, (iv) any number of bosons on any number of levels and (v) fermionic Fock space on N ⩽ 5 levels. The methods we use come from symplectic geometry and representation theory of compact Lie groups. In particular, we study the images of proper momentum maps, where our method describes momentum images for all representations that are spherical.