In this thesis we study the roles played by symplectic geometry in quantum mechanics,in particular quantum dynamics and quantum information theory treated as two separate parts. The common ground for both parts is the geometrical formulation of quantum mechanics. In Chapter 2, we review the associated complex projective Hilbert space of quantum pure states, with symplectic and Riemannian structures and their roles in quantum dynamics and kinematics. In Chapter 3, we motivate the idea of information-theoretic constraint on the differentiable manifold of probability distributions through the maximum uncertainty principle and the linear Schrodinger equation by introduction of the wave function. In Chapter 4, we review both regular and singular symplectic reduction of a symplectic manifold, which is acted upon properly and symplectically by a compact Lie group. Chapter 5 contains the author's original contributions to the first part of the thesis. In this chapter, by using the same information-theoretic discussion of the Chapter 3 we propose a non-relativistic, spin-less, non-linear quantum dynamical equation,with the Fisher information metric replaced by the Jensen-Shannon distance information. Furthermore, we show that the non-linear Schrodinger equation is in fact a Hamiltonian dynamics, namely it preserves the symplectic structure of the complex Hilbert space. The projected dynamics on the corresponding projective Hilbert space is derived and its properties are highlighted in further details. Chapter 6 contains the author's primary contributions to the second part of the thesis. In particular, by using the singular symplectic reduction of the Chapter 4 we explicitly construct the space of entanglement types of three-qubit pure states with a specific (shifted) spectra of single-particle reduced density matrices. Moreover, we obtain the image of the symplectic quotient under the induced Hilbert map, by using local unitary invariant polynomials. Then the symplectic structure on the principal stratum of the symplectic quotient is derived. Finally, it is discussed that other lower dimensional strata are relative equilibria on the original manifold and their stability properties are investigated under compact subgroups of the local unitary transformations.
Using techniques from symplectic geometry, we prove that a pure state of three qubits is up to local unitaries uniquely determined by its one-particle reduced density matrices exactly when their ordered spectra belong to the boundary of the so-called Kirwan polytope. Otherwise, the states with given reduced density matrices are parameterized, up to local unitary equivalence, by two real variables. Given inevitable experimental imprecision, this means that already for three qubits a pure quantum state can never be reconstructed from single-particle tomography. We moreover show that the knowledge of the reduced density matrices is always sufficient if one is given the additional promise that the quantum state is not convertible to the Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state by stochastic local operations and classical communication, and discuss generalizations of our results to an arbitrary number of qubits.
We study the set of
n-qubit pure quantum states. Specifically, we consider their incarnation as density matrices in Bloch representation. Building on prior work, we define a family of quadratic functions in Pauli expectation values, and fully characterise all instances that result in state-independent purity constraints. The resulting family of pure-state invariants is surprisingly rich in structure, with strong ties to the geometry of symplectic polar spaces. After charting the general landscape, we define a sub-family of pure-state invariants that satisfies the dynamical constraint of being stable under state update. We prove that it corresponds with (different embeddings of) symplectic Lie algebras
sp(2n−1)⊂su(2n), which admit a generating set of Pauli operators. We carefully distinguish the symplectic case from its orthogonal counterpart, using the Arf invariant of quadratic refinements of the symplectic form on the projective Pauli group, which we further identify with quaternionic structures on
C2n that are both generated by and restricted to Pauli operators. As a consequence of this analysis, we reveal previously largely overlooked structure in the
n-qubit Pauli group. We highlight this in a number of examples. We characterise all state-independent uncertainty relations in variance for Pauli observables, as well as all Pauli channels for which the output fidelity and output purity are state-independent. We further show that the orbits of the projective stabiliser groups of pure-state invariants, which for
n≥2 are proper subgroups of the Clifford group, form complex projective state
2-designs, while their unitary lifts form symplectic
2-designs.
In this work we explore the implications of applying the formalism of symplectic geometry to quantum mechanics, particularly focusing on many-particle systems. We extend the concept of a symplectic indicator of entanglement, originally introduced by Sawicki et al., Commun. Math. Phys. 305, 441 (2011), to these complex systems. Specifically, we demonstrate that the restriction of the symplectic structure to manifolds comprising all states characterized by isospectral reduced one-particle density matrices ${M}_{\ensuremath{\mu}(\ensuremath{\psi})}^{0}$ exhibits degeneracy for nonseparable states. We prove that the degree of degeneracy at any given state $|\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\rangle}\ensuremath{\in}{M}_{\ensuremath{\mu}(\ensuremath{\psi})}^{0}$ corresponds to the degree of degeneracy of the symplectic form $\ensuremath{\omega}$ when restricted to the manifold of states that are locally unitary equivalent with $|\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\rangle}$. Additionally, we provide a physical interpretation of this symplectic indicator of entanglement, articulating it as an inherent ambiguity within the associated classical dynamical framework. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of symplectic geometry in elucidating entanglement properties in quantum mechanics and suggest avenues for further exploration into the geometric structures underlying quantum state spaces.
Given L-qubit states with the fixed spectra of reduced one-qubit density matrices, we find a formula for the minimal number of invariant polynomials needed for solving local unitary (LU) equivalence problem, that is, problem of deciding if two states can be connected by local unitary operations. Interestingly, this number is not the same for every collection of the spectra. Some spectra require less polynomials to solve LU equivalence problem than others. The result is obtained using geometric methods, i.e., by calculating the dimensions of reduced spaces, stemming from the symplectic reduction procedure.