Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1206.2567 · The Journal of Chemical Physics

A correlated-polaron electronic propagator: Open electronic dynamics beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation

John A. Parkhill, Thomas Markovich, David G. Tempel, Alán Aspuru‐Guzik

Published Nov 6, 2012• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this work, we develop an approach to treat correlated many-electron dynamics, dressed by the presence of a finite-temperature harmonic bath. Our theory combines a small polaron transformation with the second-order time-convolutionless master equation and includes both electronic and system-bath correlations on equal footing. Our theory is based on the ab initio Hamiltonian, and is thus well-defined apart from any phenomenological choice of basis states or electronic system-bath coupling model. The equation-of-motion for the density matrix we derive includes non-markovian and non-perturbative bath effects and can be used to simulate environmentally broadened electronic spectra and dissipative dynamics, which are subjects of recent interest. The theory also goes beyond the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation, but with computational cost scaling such as the Born-Oppenheimer approach. Example propagations with a developmental code are performed, demonstrating the treatment of electron-correlation in absorption spectra, vibronic structure, and decay in an open system. An untransformed version of the theory is also presented to treat more general baths and larger systems.

DOI
10.1063/1.4762441

Related papers

In and Out-of-Equilibrium Ab Initio Theory of Electrons and Phonons

Gianluca Stefanucci, Robert van Leeuwen, Enrico Perfetto

In this work, we lay down the ab initio many-body quantum theory of electrons and phonons in equilibrium as well as in steady-state or time-varying settings.Our focus is on the harmonic approximation, but the developed tools can readily incorporate anharmonic effects.We begin by showing the necessity of determining the ab initio Hamiltonian in a self-consistent manner to ensure the existence of an equilibrium state.We then identify the correct partitioning into a "noninteracting" and an "interacting" part to carry out diagrammatic expansions in terms of dressed propagators and screened interactions.The final outcome is the finite-temperature nonequilibrium extension of the Hedin equations, showcasing the emergence of the coupling between electrons and coherent phonons through the time-local Ehrenfest diagram.The Hedin equations have limited practical utility for real-time simulations of systems driven out of equilibrium by external fields.To overcome this limitation, we leverage the versatility of the diagrammatic approach to generate a closed system of differential equations for the dressed propagators and nuclear displacements.These are the Kadanoff-Baym equations for electrons and phonons.The formalism naturally merges with the theory of conserving approximations, which guarantee the satisfaction of the continuity equation and the conservation of total energy during time evolution.As an example, we show that the popular Born-Oppenheimer approximation is not conserving whereas its dynamical extension is conserving, provided that the electrons are treated in the Fan-Migdal approximation with a dynamically screened electronphonon coupling.We also derive the formal solution of the Kadanoff-Baym equations for nonequilibrium steady states, which is useful for studies in photovoltaics and optoelectronics.Interestingly, the expansion of the phononic Green's function around the quasiphonon energies points to a correlation-induced splitting of the phonon dispersion in materials with no time-reversal invariance.

Physical Review X•Sep 11, 2023•32 citations

Beyond the Quantum Regression Theorem in Variational Polaron Master Equations: from Ohmic to Super-Ohmic Environments

Matias Bundgaard-Nielsen, Jake Iles-Smith

While the quantum regression theorem (QRT) is the standard tool for computing multi-time correlation functions in open quantum systems, it relies on system-bath separability and an environment that remains in equilibrium, assumptions that are violated once dynamical correlations develop. Using the projection operator formalism, we derive an extension to the QRT that explicitly incorporates these correlation-induced corrections, enabling us to capture multi-time correlation functions in non-Markovian regimes. We apply this framework to the variational polaron master equation for the spin-boson model in ohmic and super-ohmic regimes, where the polaron transformation mixes system-bath degrees of freedom to produce a non-thermal effective environment. Benchmarking against numerically exact tensor-network simulations, we demonstrate quantitative agreement for single- and two-time observables, including linear-response spectra, even at strong coupling. Our approach broadens the reach of analytic master equations to multi-time observables in strong-coupling and non-Markovian regimes, where environmental memory effects and system-bath correlations are crucial.

quant-pharXiv:2604.13541•The Journal of Chemical Physics•Apr 16, 2026•0 citations

In- and out-of-equilibrium {\em ab initio} theory of electrons and phonons

Gianluca Stefanucci, Robert van Leeuwen, Enrico Perfetto

We lay down the {\em ab initio} many-body quantum theory of electrons and phonons in- and out-of-equilibrium at any temperature. We begin by addressing a fundamental issue concerning the {\em ab initio} Hamiltonian in the harmonic approximation, which we show must be determined {\em self-consistently} to avoid inconsistencies. After identifying the most suitable partitioning into a ``noninteracting'' and an ``interacting'' part we embark on the Green's function diagrammatic analysis. We single out key diagrammatic structures to carry on the expansion in terms of dressed propagators and screened interaction. The final outcome is the finite-temperature nonequilibrium extension of the Hedin equations, featuring the appearance of the time-local Ehrenfest diagram in the electronic self-energy. The Hedin equations have limited practical utility for real-time simulations of driven systems. We leverage the versatility of diagrammatic expansion to generate a closed system of integro-differential equations for the Green's functions and nuclear displacements. These are the Kadanoff-Baym equations for electrons and phonons. Another advantage of the diagrammatic derivation is the ability to use conserving approximations, which ensure the satisfaction of all fundamental conservation laws during the time evolution. As an example we show that the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation is not conserving whereas its dynamical extension is conserving provided that the electrons are treated in the Fan-Migdal approximation with a dynamically screened electron-phonon coupling. We also derive the formal solution of the Kadanoff-Baym equations in the long time limit and at the steady state. The expansion of the phononic Green's function around the quasi-phonon energies points to a possible correlation-induced splitting of the phonon dispersion in materials with no time-reversal invariance.

arXiv:2303.02102•Mar 3, 2023•1 citation

A perturbative non-Markovian treatment to low-temperature spin decoherence

Timothy J. Krogmeier, Anthony W. Schlimgen, Kade Head-Marsden

Molecular spins are promising candidates for quantum information science, leveraging coherent electronic spin states for quantum sensing and computation. However, the practical application of these systems is hindered by electronic spin decoherence, driven by interactions with nuclear spins in the molecule and the surrounding environment at low temperatures. Predicting dephasing dynamics remains a formidable challenge due to the complexity of the spin bath. In this work, we develop a non-Markovian time-convolutionless master equation to treat an electronic spin coupled to a nuclear-spin bath. By relating ab initio electronic structure parameters directly to the decoherence dynamics, we provide a framework that accounts for pure dephasing in the low-temperature limit. We apply this method to a series of molecular qubit candidates and demonstrate good agreement with experimental relaxation trends. This approach offers a computationally efficient path for the prediction of low-temperature decoherence trends in molecular spin systems.

quant-pharXiv:2601.09651•Jan 15, 2026

Dynamical mean field theory of polarons and bipolarons in the half-filled Holstein model

Massimo Capone, P. Carta, Sergio Ciuchi

The evolution of the properties of a finite density electronic system as a function of the electron-phonon coupling is investigated in the Holstein model using the dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) that becomes exact in infinite dimensions. We compare the spinless fermion case, in which only isolated polarons can be formed, with the spinful model in which the polarons can bind and form bipolarons. In the latter case, the bipolaronic binding occurs within DMFT as a metal-insulator transition. In the adiabatic regime in which the phonon energy is small with respect to the electron hopping we compare numerically exact DMFT results with an analytical scheme inspired by the Born-Oppenheimer procedure. Within the latter approach, a truncation of the phononic Hilbert space leads to a mapping of the original model onto an Anderson spin-fermion model. In the anti-adiabatic regime (where the phonon energy exceeds the electronic scales) the standard treatment based on Lang-Firsov canonical transformation allows one to map the original model on to an attractive Hubbard model in the spinful case. The separate analysis of the two regimes supports the numerical evidence that the presence of well-defined polaronic lattice displacements is not necessarily associated to a metal-insulator transition, which is instead due to pairing between the carriers. The finite-dimensionality effects neglected in DMFT may lead to a finite conductivity in the bipolaronic state which is, however, not always associated with polaronic distortions. At the polaron crossover the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is shown to break down due to the entanglement of the electron-phonon state.

arXiv:cond-mat/0509542•Physical Review B•Jul 10, 2006•38 citations

Accuracy of second order perturbation theory in the polaron and variational polaron frames

Chee‐Kong Lee, Jeremy M. Moix, Jianshu Cao

In the study of open quantum systems, the polaron transformation has recently attracted a renewed interest as it offers the possibility to explore the strong system-bath coupling regime. Despite this interest, a clear and unambiguous analysis of the regimes of validity of the polaron transformation is still lacking. Here we provide such a benchmark, comparing second order perturbation theory results in the original untransformed frame, the polaron frame, and the variational extension with numerically exact path integral calculations of the equilibrium reduced density matrix. Equilibrium quantities allow a direct comparison of the three methods without invoking any further approximations as is usually required in deriving master equations. It is found that the second order results in the original frame are accurate for weak system-bath coupling; the results deteriorate when the bath cut-off frequency decreases. The full polaron results are accurate for the entire range of coupling for a fast bath but only in the strong coupling regime for a slow bath. The variational method is capable of interpolating between these two methods and is valid over a much broader range of parameters.

arXiv:1201.2436•The Journal of Chemical Physics•May 28, 2012•120 citations
In this work, we develop an approach to treat correlated many-electron dynamics, dressed by the presence of a finite-temperature harmonic bath. Our theory combines a small polaron transformation with the second-order time-convolutionless master equation and includes both electronic and system-bath correlations on equal footing. Our theory is based on the ab initio Hamiltonian, and is thus well-defined apart from any phenomenological choice of basis states or electronic system-bath coupling model. The equation-of-motion for the density matrix we derive includes non-markovian and non-perturbative bath effects and can be used to simulate environmentally broadened electronic spectra and dissipative dynamics, which are subjects of recent interest. The theory also goes beyond the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation, but with computational cost scaling such as the Born-Oppenheimer approach. Example propagations with a developmental code are performed, demonstrating the treatment of electron-correlation in absorption spectra, vibronic structure, and decay in an open system. An untransformed version of the theory is also presented to treat more general baths and larger systems.
In this work, we lay down the ab initio many-body quantum theory of electrons and phonons in equilibrium as well as in steady-state or time-varying settings.Our focus is on the harmonic approximation, but the developed tools can readily incorporate anharmonic effects.We begin by showing the necessity of determining the ab initio Hamiltonian in a self-consistent manner to ensure the existence of an equilibrium state.We then identify the correct partitioning into a "noninteracting" and an "interacting" part to carry out diagrammatic expansions in terms of dressed propagators and screened interactions.The final outcome is the finite-temperature nonequilibrium extension of the Hedin equations, showcasing the emergence of the coupling between electrons and coherent phonons through the time-local Ehrenfest diagram.The Hedin equations have limited practical utility for real-time simulations of systems driven out of equilibrium by external fields.To overcome this limitation, we leverage the versatility of the diagrammatic approach to generate a closed system of differential equations for the dressed propagators and nuclear displacements.These are the Kadanoff-Baym equations for electrons and phonons.The formalism naturally merges with the theory of conserving approximations, which guarantee the satisfaction of the continuity equation and the conservation of total energy during time evolution.As an example, we show that the popular Born-Oppenheimer approximation is not conserving whereas its dynamical extension is conserving, provided that the electrons are treated in the Fan-Migdal approximation with a dynamically screened electronphonon coupling.We also derive the formal solution of the Kadanoff-Baym equations for nonequilibrium steady states, which is useful for studies in photovoltaics and optoelectronics.Interestingly, the expansion of the phononic Green's function around the quasiphonon energies points to a correlation-induced splitting of the phonon dispersion in materials with no time-reversal invariance.
While the quantum regression theorem (QRT) is the standard tool for computing multi-time correlation functions in open quantum systems, it relies on system-bath separability and an environment that remains in equilibrium, assumptions that are violated once dynamical correlations develop. Using the projection operator formalism, we derive an extension to the QRT that explicitly incorporates these correlation-induced corrections, enabling us to capture multi-time correlation functions in non-Markovian regimes. We apply this framework to the variational polaron master equation for the spin-boson model in ohmic and super-ohmic regimes, where the polaron transformation mixes system-bath degrees of freedom to produce a non-thermal effective environment. Benchmarking against numerically exact tensor-network simulations, we demonstrate quantitative agreement for single- and two-time observables, including linear-response spectra, even at strong coupling. Our approach broadens the reach of analytic master equations to multi-time observables in strong-coupling and non-Markovian regimes, where environmental memory effects and system-bath correlations are crucial.
We lay down the {\em ab initio} many-body quantum theory of electrons and phonons in- and out-of-equilibrium at any temperature. We begin by addressing a fundamental issue concerning the {\em ab initio} Hamiltonian in the harmonic approximation, which we show must be determined {\em self-consistently} to avoid inconsistencies. After identifying the most suitable partitioning into a ``noninteracting'' and an ``interacting'' part we embark on the Green's function diagrammatic analysis. We single out key diagrammatic structures to carry on the expansion in terms of dressed propagators and screened interaction. The final outcome is the finite-temperature nonequilibrium extension of the Hedin equations, featuring the appearance of the time-local Ehrenfest diagram in the electronic self-energy. The Hedin equations have limited practical utility for real-time simulations of driven systems. We leverage the versatility of diagrammatic expansion to generate a closed system of integro-differential equations for the Green's functions and nuclear displacements. These are the Kadanoff-Baym equations for electrons and phonons. Another advantage of the diagrammatic derivation is the ability to use conserving approximations, which ensure the satisfaction of all fundamental conservation laws during the time evolution. As an example we show that the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation is not conserving whereas its dynamical extension is conserving provided that the electrons are treated in the Fan-Migdal approximation with a dynamically screened electron-phonon coupling. We also derive the formal solution of the Kadanoff-Baym equations in the long time limit and at the steady state. The expansion of the phononic Green's function around the quasi-phonon energies points to a possible correlation-induced splitting of the phonon dispersion in materials with no time-reversal invariance.
Molecular spins are promising candidates for quantum information science, leveraging coherent electronic spin states for quantum sensing and computation. However, the practical application of these systems is hindered by electronic spin decoherence, driven by interactions with nuclear spins in the molecule and the surrounding environment at low temperatures. Predicting dephasing dynamics remains a formidable challenge due to the complexity of the spin bath. In this work, we develop a non-Markovian time-convolutionless master equation to treat an electronic spin coupled to a nuclear-spin bath. By relating ab initio electronic structure parameters directly to the decoherence dynamics, we provide a framework that accounts for pure dephasing in the low-temperature limit. We apply this method to a series of molecular qubit candidates and demonstrate good agreement with experimental relaxation trends. This approach offers a computationally efficient path for the prediction of low-temperature decoherence trends in molecular spin systems.
The evolution of the properties of a finite density electronic system as a function of the electron-phonon coupling is investigated in the Holstein model using the dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) that becomes exact in infinite dimensions. We compare the spinless fermion case, in which only isolated polarons can be formed, with the spinful model in which the polarons can bind and form bipolarons. In the latter case, the bipolaronic binding occurs within DMFT as a metal-insulator transition. In the adiabatic regime in which the phonon energy is small with respect to the electron hopping we compare numerically exact DMFT results with an analytical scheme inspired by the Born-Oppenheimer procedure. Within the latter approach, a truncation of the phononic Hilbert space leads to a mapping of the original model onto an Anderson spin-fermion model. In the anti-adiabatic regime (where the phonon energy exceeds the electronic scales) the standard treatment based on Lang-Firsov canonical transformation allows one to map the original model on to an attractive Hubbard model in the spinful case. The separate analysis of the two regimes supports the numerical evidence that the presence of well-defined polaronic lattice displacements is not necessarily associated to a metal-insulator transition, which is instead due to pairing between the carriers. The finite-dimensionality effects neglected in DMFT may lead to a finite conductivity in the bipolaronic state which is, however, not always associated with polaronic distortions. At the polaron crossover the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is shown to break down due to the entanglement of the electron-phonon state.
In the study of open quantum systems, the polaron transformation has recently attracted a renewed interest as it offers the possibility to explore the strong system-bath coupling regime. Despite this interest, a clear and unambiguous analysis of the regimes of validity of the polaron transformation is still lacking. Here we provide such a benchmark, comparing second order perturbation theory results in the original untransformed frame, the polaron frame, and the variational extension with numerically exact path integral calculations of the equilibrium reduced density matrix. Equilibrium quantities allow a direct comparison of the three methods without invoking any further approximations as is usually required in deriving master equations. It is found that the second order results in the original frame are accurate for weak system-bath coupling; the results deteriorate when the bath cut-off frequency decreases. The full polaron results are accurate for the entire range of coupling for a fast bath but only in the strong coupling regime for a slow bath. The variational method is capable of interpolating between these two methods and is valid over a much broader range of parameters.