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arXiv:1206.0778 · Applied Physics Letters

Enhanced charge detection of spin qubit readout via an intermediate state

S. A. Studenikin, J. Thorgrimson, G. C. Aers, A. Kam, P. Zawadzki, Z. R. Wasilewski, A. Bogan, Andy S. Sachrajda

Published Dec 3, 2012• 58 citations
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Abstract

We employ an intermediate excited charge state of a lateral quantum dot device to increase the charge detection contrast during the qubit state readout procedure, allowing us to increase the visibility of coherent qubit oscillations. This approach amplifies the coherent oscillation magnitude but has no effect on the detector noise resulting in an increase in the signal to noise ratio. In this letter, we apply this scheme to demonstrate a significant enhancement of the fringe contrast of coherent Landau-Zener-Stückelberg oscillations between singlet S and triplet T+ two-spin states.

DOI
10.1063/1.4749281

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We employ an intermediate excited charge state of a lateral quantum dot device to increase the charge detection contrast during the qubit state readout procedure, allowing us to increase the visibility of coherent qubit oscillations. This approach amplifies the coherent oscillation magnitude but has no effect on the detector noise resulting in an increase in the signal to noise ratio. In this letter, we apply this scheme to demonstrate a significant enhancement of the fringe contrast of coherent Landau-Zener-Stückelberg oscillations between singlet S and triplet T+ two-spin states.
Landau-Zener-Stuckelberg-Majorana (LZSM) physics has been exploited to coherently manipulate two-electron spin states in a GaAs double quantum dot (DQD) at a singlet (S)-triplet (T+) anti-crossing. The anti-crossing results from the hyperfine interaction with the nuclear spins of the host material [1,2]. However, the fluctuations of the nuclear spin bath result in spin dephasing within T ∗ 2 ∼ 10− 20 ns. As a consequence, the sweep through the anti-crossing would have to be performed on a timescale comparable to T ∗ 2 to achieve LZSM oscillations with 100% visibility. Moreover, the S-T+ anti-crossing is located near the (1, 1)− (2, 0) interdot charge transition, where (nl, nr) denotes the number of electrons in the left and right quantum dot. As a result the singlet state involved in the dynamics is a superpostion of (1, 1) and (2, 0) singlet states. Here we show that it is possible to increase the oscillation visibility while keeping sweep times less than T ∗ 2 using a tailored pulse with a detuning dependent level velocity. The pulse includes a slow level velocity portion that is chosen to coincide with the passage through the S-T+ anti-crossing and two fast level velocity portions. The latter minimize the time spent in regions where spin and charge degrees of freedom are entangled, which renders the qubit susceptible to charge noise. The slow level velocity portion of the pulse results in a stronger effective coupling between the spins states, which increases the oscillations visibility [3,4]. In particular, we were able to obtain a visibility of ∼ 0.5 for LZSM oscillations. This constitutes an important step towards the implementation of a Hadamard gate.
Single-shot qubit readout typically combines high readout contrast with long-lived readout signals, leading to large signal-to-noise ratios and high readout fidelities. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that both readout contrast and readout signal lifetime, and thus the signal-to-noise ratio, can be enhanced by forcing the qubit state to transition through intermediate states. In this work, we demonstrate that the sub-Poissonian relaxation statistics introduced by intermediate states can reduce the single-shot readout error rate by orders of magnitude even when there is no increase in signal-to-noise ratio. These results hold for moderate values of the signal-to-noise ratio ($\mathcal{S}\ensuremath{\lesssim}100$) and a small number of intermediate states ($N\ensuremath{\lesssim}10$). The ideas presented here could have important implications for readout schemes relying on the detection of transient charge states, such as spin-to-charge conversion schemes for semiconductor spin qubits and parity-to-charge conversion schemes for topologically protected Majorana qubits.
Asymmetry in a three-electron double quantum dot (DQD) allows spin blockade, when spin-3/2 (quadruplet) states and spin-1/2 (doublet) states have different charge configurations. We have observed this DQD spin blockade near the (1,2)-(2,1) charge transition using a pulsed-gate technique and a charge sensor. We, then, use this spin blockade to detect Landau-Zener-St\"uckelberg interference and coherent oscillations between the spin quadruplet and doublet states. Such studies add to our understandings of coherence and control properties of three-spin states in a double dot, which, in turn, would benefit explorations into various qubit encoding schemes in semiconductor nanostructures.
We study finite-time Landau-Zener transitions at a singlet-triplet level crossing in a GaAs double quantum dot, both experimentally and theoretically. Sweeps across the anticrossing in the high driving speed limit result in oscillations with a small visibility. Here we demonstrate how to increase the oscillation visibility while keeping sweep times shorter than T(2)(*) using a tailored pulse with a detuning dependent level velocity. Our results show an improvement of a factor of ~2.9 for the oscillation visibility. In particular, we were able to obtain a visibility of ~0.5 for Stückelberg oscillations, which demonstrates the creation of an equally weighted superposition of the qubit states.
Semiconductor spin qubits are a promising platform for quantum computing but remain vulnerable to charge noise. Accurate, in situ measurement of charge noise could enable closed-loop control and improve qubit performance. Here, we propose a method for real-time detection of charge noise using a silicon singlet-triplet qubit with one electron initialized in an excited valley state. This valley excitation acts as a spectator degree of freedom, coupled to a high-quality resonator via the exchange interaction, which is sensitive to charge-noise-induced voltage fluctuations. Dispersive readout of the resonator enables a continuous, classical measurement of exchange fluctuations during qubit operation. Signal-to-noise analysis shows that, under realistic device parameters, sub-millisecond measurement times are possible using a quantum-limited amplifier. Even without such an amplifier, similar performance is achievable with appropriately engineered resonator parameters. This approach allows the probe to monitor slow drift in exchange in real time, opening the door to feedback and feedforward strategies for maintaining high-fidelity quantum operations. Importantly, the protocol preserves spin coherence and can be run concurrently with qubit logic gates.