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arXiv:1202.6631 · Physical Review Letters

3D Projection Sideband Cooling

Xiao Li, Theodore A. Corcovilos, Yang Wang, David S. Weiss

Published Mar 9, 2012• 44 citations
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Abstract

We demonstrate 3D microwave projection sideband cooling of trapped, neutral atoms. The technique employs state-dependent potentials that enable microwave photons to drive vibration-number reducing transitions. The particular cooling sequence we employ uses minimal spontaneous emission, and works even for relatively weakly bound atoms. We cool 76% of atoms to their 3D vibrational ground states in a site-resolvable 3D optical lattice.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.108.103001

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•Oct 15, 2010•4 citations
We demonstrate 3D microwave projection sideband cooling of trapped, neutral atoms. The technique employs state-dependent potentials that enable microwave photons to drive vibration-number reducing transitions. The particular cooling sequence we employ uses minimal spontaneous emission, and works even for relatively weakly bound atoms. We cool 76% of atoms to their 3D vibrational ground states in a site-resolvable 3D optical lattice.
We trap neutral Cs atoms in a two-dimensional optical lattice and cool them close to the zero point of motion by resolved-sideband Raman cooling. Sideband cooling occurs via transitions between the vibrational manifolds associated with a pair of magnetic sublevels, and the required Raman coupling is provided by the lattice potential itself. We obtain mean vibrational excitations ${\overline{n}}_{x}\ensuremath{\approx}{\overline{n}}_{y}<0.024$, corresponding to a population >95>95%>95 in the vibrational ground state. Atoms in the ground state of an optical lattice provide a new system in which to explore quantum state control and subrecoil laser cooling.
A new method of studying and cooling trapped atoms is discussed, with particular attention to atoms in far detuned, 3D optical lattices. The technique, projection cooling, uses a combination of microwave and optical fields to cycle atoms between hyperfine sublevels. A single vibrational level will remain dark to both the light and the microwaves, so atoms will accumulate there. Cooling below the photon recoil limit is possible with this technique. As a diagnostic tool it promises to yield detailed information about atoms in the lattice, including vibrational spectra and the distribution of atoms among vibrational levels, even in the limit of relatively weak binding to lattice sites. Atoms cooled in this way and then allowed to adiabatically expand in their potentials could reach the Bose-Einstein condensation point in less than a second, or at least get close enough to reach it after only a modest amount of evaporative cooling in a larger volume trap. Atoms so cooled and trapped are also of interest for precision measurements.
We control the quantum mechanical motion of neutral atoms in an optical lattice by driving microwave transitions between spin states whose trapping potentials are spatially offset. Control of this offset with nanometer precision allows for adjustment of the coupling strength between different motional states, analogous to an adjustable effective Lamb-Dicke factor. This is used both for efficient one-dimensional sideband cooling of individual atoms to a vibrational ground state population of 97% and to drive coherent Rabi oscillation between arbitrary pairs of vibrational states. We further show that microwaves can drive well resolved transitions between motional states in maximally offset, shallow lattices, and thus in principle allow for coherent control of long-range quantum transport.
Spin-dependent optical potentials allow us to use microwave radiation to manipulate the motional state of trapped neutral atoms (Förster et al 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 233001). Here, we discuss this method in greater detail, comparing it to the widely employed Raman sideband coupling method. We provide a simplified model for sideband cooling in a spin-dependent potential, and we discuss it in terms of the generalized Lamb–Dicke parameter. Using a master equation formalism, we present a quantitative analysis of the cooling performance for our experiment, which can be generalized to other experimental settings. We additionally use microwave sideband transitions to engineer motional Fock states and coherent states, and we devise a technique for measuring the population distribution of the prepared states.
We propose a cooling scheme for realizing single-photon sideband cooling on particles trapped in a statedependent optical potential.We develop a master rate equation from an ab initio model and find that in experimentally feasible conditions it is possible to reduce the average occupation number of the vibrational levels in one dimension by more than 90% by applying a frequency sweep on the cooling laser that sequentially cools all the motional states.Notably, this cooling scheme works also when a particle experiences a deeper trap in its internal ground state than in its excited state, a condition for which conventional single-photon sideband cooling does not work.In our analysis, we consider two cases: a two-level particle confined in an optical tweezer, and Li atoms confined in an optical lattice, and we find conditions for efficient cooling in both cases.The results from the model are confirmed by a full quantum Monte Carlo simulation of the system Hamiltonian.Our findings provide an alternative cooling scheme that can be applied in principle to any particle, e.g., atoms, molecules, or ions, confined in a state-dependent optical potential.
The subject of this work is the control of the quantum mechanical motional state of trapped neutral Cesium atoms. This is accomplished using a rarely considered method based on microwave radiation in combination with a spin dependent optical lattice potential. The setup used was designed to trap and to store on the order of ten atoms in a one dimensional optical lattice. Fluorescence imaging allows to determine both, the number and the position of the atoms. The spin degree of freedom is manipulated using microwave radiation and the trapping potential allows to shift the atoms to the 'left' or to the 'right' along the potential axis, depending on their spin orientation. A microwave spectrum with a slightly displaced lattice exhibits sideband peaks corresponding to a change of the vibrational quantum number. This is the mechanism which introduces coupling between the spin and the motional degree of freedom. The work draws parallels to the usually used sideband technique based on optical transitions instead of microwaves and exploiting the photon recoil instead of a state dependent potential. Similar to the optical method the microwave based approach allows for the realization of a resolved-sideband cooling technique which efficiently prepares the atomic ensemble in the motional ground state. Starting from this purified quantum mechanical state, other interesting states are prepared using successive sideband transitions. The result of the preparation is probed by implementing filtering schemes for the motional state. With this control technique the experimental setup in total is capable to control the spin, the position along the one dimensional periodic potential and the vibrational state of the atoms.