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arXiv:1110.3646 · New Journal of Physics

The density matrix recursion method: genuine multisite entanglement distinguishes odd from even quantum spin ladder states

Himadri Shekhar Dhar, Aditi Sen(De), Ujjwal Sen

Published Jan 18, 2013• 16 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We introduce an analytical iterative method, the density matrix recursion method, to generate arbitrary reduced density matrices of superpositions of short-range dimer coverings on periodic or non-periodic quantum spin-1/2 ladder lattices, with an arbitrary number of legs. The method can be used to calculate bipartite as well as multipartite physical properties, including bipartite and multi-partite entanglement. We apply this technique to distinguish between even- and odd-legged ladders. Specifically, we show that while genuine multi-partite entanglement decreases with increasing system size for the even-legged ladder states, it does the opposite for odd-legged ones.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/15/1/013043

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•Dec 7, 2017•0 citations
We introduce an analytical iterative method, the density matrix recursion method, to generate arbitrary reduced density matrices of superpositions of short-range dimer coverings on periodic or non-periodic quantum spin-1/2 ladder lattices, with an arbitrary number of legs. The method can be used to calculate bipartite as well as multipartite physical properties, including bipartite and multi-partite entanglement. We apply this technique to distinguish between even- and odd-legged ladders. Specifically, we show that while genuine multi-partite entanglement decreases with increasing system size for the even-legged ladder states, it does the opposite for odd-legged ones.
We consider a class of large superposed states, obtained from dimer coverings on spin-1/2 isotropic lattices, whose potential usefulness ranges from organic molecules to quantum computation. We show that they are genuinely multiparty entangled, irrespective of the geometry and dimension of the isotropic lattice. We then present an efficient method to characterize the genuine multisite entanglement in the case of isotropic square spin-1/2 lattices, with short-range dimer coverings. We use this iterative analytical method to calculate the multisite entanglement of finite-sized lattices, which through finite-size scaling, enables us to obtain the estimate of the multisite entanglement of the infinite square lattice. The method can be a useful tool to investigate other single- and multisite properties of such states.
We investigate finite-size scaling of genuine multisite entanglement in the ground state of quantum spin-1/2 Heisenberg ladders. We obtain the ground states of odd- and even-legged Heisenberg ladder Hamiltonians and compute genuine multisite entanglement, the generalized geometric measure (GGM), which shows that for even rungs, GGM increases for odd-legged ladder while it decreases for even ones. Interestingly, the ground state obtained by short-range dimer coverings, under the resonating valence bond ansatz, encapsulates the qualitative features of GGM for both the ladders. We find that while the quantity converges to a single value for higher legged odd- and even-ladders, in the asymptotic limit of a large number of rungs, the finite-size scaling exponents of the same tend to diverge. The scaling exponent of GGM is therefore capable to distinguish the odd–even dichotomy in Heisenberg ladders, even when the corresponding multisite entanglements merge. Introduction and background . The sequences of odd and even numbers mathematically reach the same infinity. The question is whether limits of functions of odd/even numbers reach the same limiting function as the respective sequences tend to infinity. In many-body physics, the dichotomy between physical properties of odd and even quantum ladders is known, and a typical result is exemplified by the seminal work of White, Noack, and Scalapino (PRL 73,886 (1994)), wherein the spin gap was shown to exhibit different behaviors in odd and even ladders. The values of the spin gaps were shown as converging to a single value with the increase in the number of legs, irrespective of whether we are with odd or even ladders. It may now be asked whether one can identify a physical quantity that would have different limiting values depending on whether odd or even legged ladders are followed to reach the infinite 2D square lattice. We answer this query in the affirmative by identifying the scaling of multisite entanglement as the physical quantity that is capable of doing the job. Main results . We evaluate the asymptotic genuine multisite entanglement of states of quantum spin models on ladder lattices with odd and even legs, and perform finite size scaling analysis of the same. We find that scaling exponents of the multisite entanglement for large lattices tend to diverge for odd and even ladders, as the number of legs are increased, even though the amount of the multisite entanglement converges in the asymptotic limit. Wider implications . We believe that the results presented in the manuscript will be of interest to the broad physics community working on stronglycorrelated systems, quantum information in many-body physics, and related quantum technologies. The methodology presented in the manuscript will, we believe, also appeal to the general theoretical physics community.
We formulate an analytical recursive method to generate the wave function of doped short-range resonating valence bond (RVB) states as a tool to efficiently estimate multisite entanglement as well as other physical quantities in doped quantum spin ladders. We prove that doped RVB ladder states are always genuine multipartite entangled. Importantly, our results show that within specific doping concentration and model parameter regimes, the doped RVB state essentially characterizes the trends of genuine multiparty entanglement in the exact ground states of the Hubbard model with large on-site interactions, in the limit that yields the $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ Hamiltonian.
Bipartite entanglement measures are surprisingly useful tools to investigate quantum phases of correlated electrons. Here, I analyze the entanglement spectrum of gapped two-leg quantum Heisenberg ladders on a periodic ribbon partitioned into two identical periodic chains. The entanglement spectrum closely reflects the low-energy gapless spectrum of each individual edge. This extends the conjecture initially drawn for fractional quantum Hall systems to the field of quantum magnetism, stating a direct correspondence between the low-energy entanglement spectrum of a partitioned system and the true spectrum of the virtual edges. A mapping of the reduced density matrix to a thermodynamic density matrix is also proposed via the introduction of an effective temperature.
Numerical studies of the reduced density matrix of a gapped spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a two-leg ladder find that it has the same form as the Gibbs density matrix of a gapless spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain at a finite temperature determined by the spin gap of the ladder. We investigate this interesting result by considering a model of free fermions on a two-leg ladder (gapped by the inter-chain tunneling operator) and in spin systems on a ladder with a gapped ground state using exact solutions and several controlled approximations. We calculate the reduced density matrix and the entanglement entropy for a leg of the ladder (i.e. a cut made between the chains). In the fermionic system we find the exact form of the reduced density matrix for one of the chains and determine the entanglement spectrum explicitly. Here we find that in the weak tunneling limit of the ladder the entanglement entropy of one chain of the gapped ladder has a simple and universal form dictated by conformal invariance. In the case of the spin system, we consider the strong coupling limit by using perturbation theory and get the reduced density matrix by the Schmidt decomposition. The entanglement entropies of a general gapped system of two coupled conformal field theories (in 1 + 1 dimensions) are discussed using the replica trick and scaling arguments. We show that (1) for a system with a bulk gap the reduced density matrix has the form of a thermal density matrix, (2) the long-wavelength modes of one subsystem (a chain) of a gapped coupled system are always thermal, (3) the von Neumann entropy equals the thermodynamic entropy of one chain, and (4) the bulk gap plays the role of effective temperature.
An interesting aspect of antiferromagnetic quantum spin ladders, with complete dimer coverings, is that the wave function can be recursively generated by estimating the number of coverings in the valence bond basis, which follow the fabled Fibonacci sequence. In this work, we show that generalized forms of such sequences can also be derived for multi-legged and doped quantum spin ladders, which allows the corresponding dimer covered state to be recursively generated. This simplifies the investigation and estimation of several important quantities in these many-body quantum systems. In particular, we show that the valence bond entanglement entropy, which is a substantial figure of merit for understanding critical behavior, can be conveniently derived for large spin ladders.