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arXiv:1103.2395 · Physical Review A

Dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate of dark-state polaritons

G. Nikoghosyan, Frank Zimmer, Martin Bodo Plenio

Published Aug 30, 2012• 4 citations
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Abstract

We put forth and discuss in detail a scheme to achieve Bose-Einstein condensation of stationary-light dark-state polaritons with dipolar interaction. To this end we introduce a diamondlike coupling scheme in a vapor of Rydberg atoms under the frozen gas approximation. To determine the system's dynamics we employ normal modes and identify the dark-state polariton corresponding to one of the modes. We show that in contrast to atomic dipolar ultracold vapors, the dark-state polariton Bose-Einstein condensates proposed here can be stable for a negative dipolar interaction constant.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.86.023854

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We put forth and discuss in detail a scheme to achieve Bose-Einstein condensation of stationary-light dark-state polaritons with dipolar interaction. To this end we introduce a diamondlike coupling scheme in a vapor of Rydberg atoms under the frozen gas approximation. To determine the system's dynamics we employ normal modes and identify the dark-state polariton corresponding to one of the modes. We show that in contrast to atomic dipolar ultracold vapors, the dark-state polariton Bose-Einstein condensates proposed here can be stable for a negative dipolar interaction constant.
The generation of stationary distributions of light with three-dimensional confinement is discussed and a novel scheme for Bose-Einstein condensation of the associated quasi-particles, dark-state polaritons (DSP), is proposed. DSPs are created in the Raman interaction of laser fields with atoms and are the basis of ultra-slow, stopped, and stationary light. Stationary DSPs have a quadratic dispersion profile with very small and variable effective mass and have a long intrinsic lifetime. Due to the small mass the corresponding condensation temperature can be many orders of magnitude higher than that of atoms. After introducing stationary dark-state polaritons their incoherent generation and thermalization is discussed and conditions for condensation analyzed. Finally potential methods for an experimental observation of the condensation will be put forward.
The dynamical stability of dark solitons in dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates is studied. For standard short-range interacting condensates, dark solitons are unstable against transverse excitations in two and three dimensions. On the contrary, due to its nonlocal character, the dipolar interaction allows for stable 3D stationary dark solitons, opening a qualitatively novel scenario in nonlinear atom optics. We discuss in detail the conditions to achieve this stability, which demand the use of an additional optical lattice, and the stability regimes.
We propose and analyze a mechanism for Bose-Einstein condensation of stationary dark-state polaritons. Dark-state polaritons (DSPs) are formed in the interaction of light with laser-driven 3-level Lambda-type atoms and are the basis of phenomena such as electromagnetically induced transparency, ultraslow, and stored light. They have long intrinsic lifetimes and in a stationary setup, a 3D quadratic dispersion profile with variable effective mass. Since DSPs are bosons, they can undergo a Bose-Einstein condensation at a critical temperature which can be many orders of magnitude larger than that of atoms. We show that thermalization of polaritons can occur via elastic collisions mediated by a resonantly enhanced optical Kerr nonlinearity on a time scale short compared to the decay time. Finally, condensation can be observed by turning stationary into propagating polaritons and monitoring the emitted light.
Dark-state polaritons (DSPs) based on the effect of electromagnetically induced transparency are bosonic quasiparticles, representing the superpositions of photons and atomic ground-state coherences. It has been proposed that stationary DSPs are governed by the equation of motion closely similar to the Schrödinger equation and can be employed to achieve Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) with transition temperature orders of magnitude higher than that of the atomic BEC. The stationary-DSP BEC is a three-dimensional system and has a far longer lifetime than the exciton-polariton BEC. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrated the stationary DSP dressed by the Rydberg-state dipole-dipole interaction (DDI). The DDI-induced phase shift of the stationary DSP was systematically studied. Notably, the experimental data are consistent with the theoretical predictions. The phase shift can be viewed as a consequence of elastic collisions. In terms of thermalization to achieve BEC, the μm^{2}-size interaction cross section of the DDI can produce a sufficient elastic collision rate for the stationary DSPs. This Letter makes a substantial advancement toward the realization of the stationary-DSP BEC.
We propose a method for obtaining a Bose-Einstein condensate of an ideal one-dimensional gas of atom-light polaritons of the lower branch in a trap at high temperatures (on the order of room temperature or higher). The system under consideration is an atomic ensemble that interacts with a single-mode quantum electromagnetic field in the presence of optical collisions with a high-pressure buffer gas. The possibility of using biconical waveguides for revealing the predicted phenomenon is discussed. The dynamics of the polariton condensate in the trap is investigated on the basis of the variational approach.
We study the stability, form, and interaction of single and multiple dark solitons in quasi-one-dimensional dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates. The solitons are found numerically as stationary solutions in the moving frame of a nonlocal Gross Pitaevskii equation and characterized as a function of the key experimental parameters, namely the ratio of the dipolar atomic interactions to the van der Waals interactions, the polarization angle, and the condensate width. The solutions and their integrals of motion are strongly affected by the phonon and roton instabilities of the system. Dipolar matter-wave dark solitons propagate without dispersion and collide elastically away from these instabilities, with the dipolar interactions contributing an additional repulsion or attraction to the soliton-soliton interaction. However, close to the instabilities, the collisions are weakly dissipative.