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arXiv:1101.5002

Superposition and Entanglement from Quantum Scope

Dongsheng Wang

Published Jan 26, 2011• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The abstract framework of quantum mechanics (QM) causes the well-known weirdness, which leads to the field of foundation of QM. We constructed the new concept, i.e., scope, to lay the foundation of quantum coherence and openness, also the principles of superposition and entanglement. We studied analytically and quantitatively the quantum correlations and information, also we discussed the physical essence of the existed entanglement measures. We compared with several other approaches to the foundation of QM, and we stated that the concept of scope is unique and has not been demonstrated before.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1101.5002

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The abstract framework of quantum mechanics (QM) causes the well-known weirdness, which leads to the field of foundation of QM. We constructed the new concept, i.e., scope, to lay the foundation of quantum coherence and openness, also the principles of superposition and entanglement. We studied analytically and quantitatively the quantum correlations and information, also we discussed the physical essence of the existed entanglement measures. We compared with several other approaches to the foundation of QM, and we stated that the concept of scope is unique and has not been demonstrated before.
Lying at the heart of quantum mechanics, the notion of quantum superposition causes enormous difficulty in understanding the problem of quantum measurement, which concerns the Einstein-Bohr debate on the conceptual foundations of the quantum theory. According to Bell’s theorem, Einstein’s viewpoint in his debate with Bohr seems to be wrong. In the present paper, a new principle (referred to as the general principle of measurements) is introduced and proved as a mathematical theorem. Based on this principle, various forms of quantum superposition (including quantum entanglement) and the corresponding experiments are scrutinized. The main findings are as follows. (a) Einstein’s viewpoint is correct and Bell’s theorem is problematic. (b) Measurement outcomes of any actual experiment with individual microscopic objects described in a form of quantum superposition, in particular, the experimental results of testing Bell inequalities, are all erroneously explained. (c) Bell inequalities failed to capture the essence of the Einstein-Bohr debate, i.e., whether quantum superposition is legitimate for describing individual microscopic objects. (d) All kinds of quantum superposition violate the general principle of measurements and hence are illegitimate. (e) Quantum mechanics can be completed by using disjunction (“or”) as the logical relation between the orthonormal vectors that span an arbitrarily given Hilbert space for describing a single microscopic object, and the mathematical setting will remain essentially unchanged; hidden-variable theories are irrelevant to the real world. (f) After completing quantum mechanics as above, the difficulty in understanding the problem of quantum measurement disappears naturally. Implications of the findings are also discussed.
The foundations of quantum mechanics have been a subject of intense investigation and debate since the theory's inception. Recent developments in quantum technologies and theoretical frameworks have shed new light on foundational issues and raised intriguing questions about the nature of reality at the quantum level. recent advancements in our understanding of the foundational principles of quantum mechanics and discuss unresolved questions that continue to challenge our conceptual framework. Topics of interest include the measurement problem, quantum entanglement, the role of contextuality and nonlocality, interpretations of quantum theory, and the quest for a unified theory of quantum gravity. findings and ongoing debates in the field, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in the foundations of quantum mechanics and stimulate further discussion and inquiry into these fundamental questions.
Nearing a century since its inception, quantum mechanics is as lively as ever. Its signature manifestations, such as superposition, wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, entanglement and nonlocality, were long confronted as weird predictions of an incomplete theory, paradoxes only suitable for philosophical discussions, or mere mathematical artifacts with no counterpart in the physical reality. Nevertheless, decades of progress in the experimental verification and control of quantum systems have routinely proven detractors wrong. While fundamental questions still remain wide open on the foundations and interpretations of quantum mechanics, its modern technological applications have captured the fascination of the general public and are having a transformative impact on society. This brief article acts as Introduction to a Special Issue in the Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society A, following from a dedicated Scientific Discussion Meeting where these fascinating topics were explored, giving rise to stimulating debates among speakers and audience. The present issue thus aims at conveying the spirit of those discussions.
Existing mainstream quantum interpretations, such as the Copenhagen School's "wave function collapse" and Everett's many-worlds theory, respectively face ontological discontinuity difficulties and ontological redundancy questions. To break through this predicament, this paper presents a completely new quantum mechanics interpretation framework - the "mechanics network interpretation". The framework places "interaction" in ontological priority, arguing that the essence of physical reality is a holistic "mechanical network" composed of interactions. In this image, "particles" are the stable nodes in the network, "waves" are the coordinated dynamic responses of the network, and "information" is the material configuration that carries instructions for specific behavior. The core principle of this paper, the "Channel stability principle," states that quantum measurements are not mysterious collapses, but rather the dynamic results of observation arrangements (strong interactions) sifting out different dominant "channels" on the network: observations of "particleality," destroy coherent channels, while observations of "wave-like," protect or purify coherent channels. This framework provides a continuous, deterministic and physically intuitive explanation for the problems of quantum superposition, entanglement and measurement without the introduction of the "wave function collapse" postulate or an infinitely split universe. The paper applies this framework to key thought experiments (such as the EPR paradox, the Aspe experiment) and the latest empirical studies (such as the USTC optical tweezers atom experiment), showing that quantum nonlocality can be interpreted as an expression of the "overall structure" of the network rather than action at a distance; Quantum-classical transitions result from variations in the precision of network control. By comparing with systems of mainstream interpretations, this paper clarifies the unique value of the new framework in resolving conceptual dualism and returning to realism and continuity. As a "concept-first" research program, the value of this paper lies in providing a self-consistent worldview and a clear conceptual vocabulary, laying the necessary theoretical foundation for the future construction of a strict mathematical formal system and the derivation of novel physical prophecies.
Since its establishment, quantum mechanics has developed for a century and has a very large theoretical system, but the phenomenon of quantum mechanics still lacks a generally accepted explanation, which undoubtedly shows that the existing theoretical system is incomplete. Inspired by ancient Chinese philosophy, we propose a theoretical framework in this paper, which provides a new perspective for explaining quantum mechanical phenomena including superposition and entanglement. In addition, the proposed framework contributes to a profound understanding of the law of conservation of energy. We show through examples how basic superposition states and entangled states are constructed. Our work can inspire people to think deeply about the mysteries of nature, especially quantum mechanical phenomena.