Since its establishment, quantum mechanics has developed for a century and has a very large theoretical system, but the phenomenon of quantum mechanics still lacks a generally accepted explanation, which undoubtedly shows that the existing theoretical system is incomplete. Inspired by ancient Chinese philosophy, we propose a theoretical framework in this paper, which provides a new perspective for explaining quantum mechanical phenomena including superposition and entanglement. In addition, the proposed framework contributes to a profound understanding of the law of conservation of energy. We show through examples how basic superposition states and entangled states are constructed. Our work can inspire people to think deeply about the mysteries of nature, especially quantum mechanical phenomena.
Since its establishment, quantum mechanics has developed for a century and has a very large theoretical system, but the phenomenon of quantum mechanics still lacks a generally accepted explanation, which undoubtedly shows that the existing theoretical system is incomplete. Inspired by ancient Chinese philosophy, we propose a theoretical framework in this paper, which provides a new perspective for explaining quantum mechanical phenomena including superposition and entanglement. In addition, the proposed framework contributes to a profound understanding of the law of conservation of energy. We show through examples how basic superposition states and entangled states are constructed. Our work can inspire people to think deeply about the mysteries of nature, especially quantum mechanical phenomena.
Since its establishment, quantum mechanics has developed for a century and has a very large theoretical system,but the phenomenon of quantum mechanics still lacks a generally accepted explanation,which undoubtedly shows that the existing theoretical system is incomplete.Inspired by ancient Chinese philosophy, we propose a new theoretical framework based onsome existing principles of classical physics and quantum mechanics,which opens a new perspective for the interpretation of quantum mechanics.Furthermore, based on this framework, we design a new algorithm for entanglement swapping,the basic idea of which is to derive two entangled states created by entanglement swapping from all possible observations.We demonstrate the basic idea of the algorithm through the entanglement swapping between two bipartite entangled states,and derive the results of the entanglement swapping between two Bell states,which is surprisingly consistent with those obtained through algebraic calculations.Of course, through the proposed algorithm, the correctness of the proposed theoretical framework can be verified.Our work will contribute to a deeper exploration of the mysteries of nature, including quantum mechanical phenomena.
Abstract This paper presents an in-depth investigation into quantum effects and the three established principles of quantum mechanics, including the dynamics derived from the development of physical systems—specifically, the reversal of positive and negative energy directions, as well as the density expansion and contraction caused by interactions between energy systems. Additionally, this study introduces a novel theoretical framework that proposes a new scope for understanding quantum phenomena. A truly universal principle must satisfy both Galileo’s principle of relativity and the law of covariance, thereby enabling the identification of global hidden variables or underlying mechanisms behind physical phenomena, and allowing for the explanation and demonstration of the deductive logic and outcomes of all physical processes.Contemporary quantum experiments, evaluated through Bell’s inequality, suggest that quantum mechanics is currently regarded as complete. Furthermore, it is widely accepted that quantum entanglement exhibits uncertainty prior to measurement, with its process being superluminal and non-local. However, the fundamental reasons behind these characteristics—particularly their true physical principles, dynamic behavior, and evolutionary logic—remain inadequately addressed. In fact, current interpretations of quantum mechanics are largely superficial and do not fully incorporate Galilean covariance, indicating an inherent incompleteness.At present, the major frameworks of quantum mechanics—including quantum theory, relativity, quantum field theory, and the Schrödinger equation—are primarily confined to the description of the positive (observable) world. They generally deny the possibility of energy direction reversing into negative energy states or transitioning into a hypothetical negative world. Moreover, they reject the idea that quantum entanglement can occur within the negative world and subsequently return to the positive world, implying oscillatory motion, reciprocation, energy exchange, and superluminal properties.The prevailing interpretation—that the interaction between entangled quanta, involving energy, force, reference frames, and positively entangled particles, constitutes a holistic effect—is insufficient. Specifically, attempting to explain the instantaneous, superluminal, and uncertain nature of quantum effects solely based on dynamics restricted to the positive world domain appears fundamentally flawed. Current quantum mechanical explanations fail to identify the global hidden variables or the underlying mechanisms governing physical phenomena. Furthermore, they cannot account for why quantum entanglement results violate Bell’s inequality.According to Galileo’s law of covariance, quantum mechanics should not be satisfied with partial or limited covariance. Therefore, we propose a new quantum mechanical principle grounded in three hypotheses to address these limitations. Given that energy possesses both positive and negative directional properties, particularly under dynamic conditions where energy direction reverses, the instantaneous density ratio becomes extremely small. This leads to the physical realization of quantum superluminal phenomena. Through the principle of resonance—such as energy direction reversal and quantum entanglement—these phenomena become possible.To satisfy Galilean covariance, it can be inferred that only the reversal of the energy vector direction and transition into the negative world can fulfill such requirements. Due to the potential existence of negative entanglement in negative energy and the reciprocal exchange between the positive and negative worlds, there remains uncertainty regarding the parity of energy increase or spin quantity in returning quanta or systems. Furthermore, experimental observations from phase-locked reverse measurements—where "the jump value of PDV data consistently exceeds the rise"—suggest new physical interpretations involving imaginary numbers and calculus related to energy direction and the negative world. These findings demonstrate the pre-measurement uncertainty of quantum states, as well as the superluminal and non-local nature of quantum processes, thereby supporting the inference of a new foundational theory of quantum mechanics.Finally, the quantum teleportation experiment provides evidence of vector reversals in energy and information transmission, further confirming the existence of superluminal communication.
We review a recent approach to the foundations of quantum mechanics inspired by quantum information theory [1, 2]. The approach is based on a general framework, which allows one to address a large class of physical theories which share basic information-theoretic features. We first illustrate two very primitive features, expressed by the axioms of causality and purity-preservation, which are satisfied by both classical and quantum theory. We then discuss the axiom of purification, which expresses a strong version of the Conservation of Information and captures the core of a vast number of protocols in quantum information. Purification is a highly non-classical feature and leads directly to the emergence of entanglement at the purely conceptual level, without any reference to the superposition principle. Supplemented by a few additional requirements, satisfied by classical and quantum theory, it provides a complete axiomatic characterization of quantum theory for finite dimensional systems.
We review a recent approach to the foundations of quantum mechanics inspired by quantum information theory [1, 2]. The approach is based on a general framework, which allows one to address a large class of physical theories which share basic information-theoretic features. We first illustrate two very primitive features, expressed by the axioms of causality and purity-preservation, which are satisfied by both classical and quantum theory. We then discuss the axiom of purification, which expresses a strong version of the Conservation of Information and captures the core of a vast number of protocols in quantum information. Purification is a highly non-classical feature and leads directly to the emergence of entanglement at the purely conceptual level, without any reference to the superposition principle. Supplemented by a few additional requirements, satisfied by classical and quantum theory, it provides a complete axiomatic characterization of quantum theory for finite dimensional systems.
We still lack any consensus about what one is actually talking about as one uses quantum mechanics. There is a gap between the abstract terms in which the theory is couched and the phenomena the theory enables each of us to account for so well. Because it has no practical consequences for how we each use quantum mechanics to deal with physical problems, this cognitive dissonance has managed to coexist with the quantum theory from the very beginning. The absence of conceptual clarity for almost a century suggests that the problem might lie in some implicit misconceptions about the nature of scientific explanation that are deeply held by virtually all physicists, but are rarely explicitly acknowledged. I describe here such unvoiced but widely shared assumptions. Rejecting them clarifies and unifies a range of obscure remarks about quantum mechanics made almost from the beginning by some of the giants of physics, many of whom are held to be in deep disagreement. This new view of physics requires physicists to think about science in an unfamiliar way. My primary purpose is to explain the new perspective and urge that it be taken seriously. My secondary aims are to explain why this perspective differs significantly from what Bohr, Heisenberg, and Pauli had been saying from the very beginning, and why it is not solipsism, as some have maintained. To emphasize that this is a general view of science, and not just of quantum mechanics, I apply it to a long-standing puzzle in classical physics: the apparent inability of physics to give any meaning to 'Now'-the present moment.
Quantum mechanics is the newest science and should therefore be the most precise, but unfortunately, it's quite the opposite. If you don't understand quantum mechanics, ask yourself if I'm right, because others don't either. The field of experimental quantum mechanics is so vast and confusing that its theoretical practitioners will always have to adopt new explanations from their own context to conform to the facts of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics was created in the early 20th century to establish mathematical and physical laws or rules for subatomic objects subject to an external potential field in order to explain so-called quantum systems. Studying the spatiotemporal evolution of a quantum system, defined as a microscopic subatomic system of low energy density subjected to a potential field, external or internal, is a rather complex subject. However, in 1927, the well-known Schrödinger PDE, valid for infinite free space subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions, was introduced. Schrödinger's PDE must be complemented by the Bohr/Copenhagen interpretation of the wave function Ψ involving the rules of quantum systems of instantaneous entanglement and superposition. We all know that the Schrödinger equation is incomplete because it lives and operates in the incomplete space R^4 and therefore the wave function Ψ is incomplete in itself and cannot be defined as scalar, a vector, nor a tensor. The complex wave function Ψ has never been properly defined. Moreover, the Schrödinger PDE is not Lorentz invariant and is not compatible with the special theory of relativity, and is obviously even less so with the general theory of relativity. However, quantum mechanics has come a long way, both in theory and practice, since 1927, nearly a century ago. This long journey has added even more illogical and confusing properties to the Ψ wave function, such as causality and wave function collapse. Many attempts have been made over the last century to reform the Schrödinger equation, the most notable being to combine it with the general theory of relativity, but all these attempts have been in vain. The breakthrough came in 2020-2024 [2,3,4], when the author of this article claimed to replace the classical Schrödinger equation Ψ with the PDE for its square Ψ^2, which is logical and physical. Ψ^2 is needed to express the quantum energy density flux (U(x,y,z,t) = Ψ^2 (x,y,z,t)) and we therefore propose a new Schrödinger equation for Ψ^2 which should have the form of the energy density diffusion PDE such as that of thermal conduction. Equation 3 should be supplemented by the advanced artificial intelligence proposed by the author [5,6]. Comparing Schrödinger's classical PDE of 1927 with the PDE proposed for Ψ^2 in 2020 shows that we currently have two different or distinct theories of quantum mechanics! Which one is more theoretically true and more practically useful? This is the purpose of this article.