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arXiv:0903.2213 · Physical Review Letters

Experimental Entanglement of a Six-Photon Symmetric Dicke State

Witlef Wieczorek, Roland Krischek, Nikolai Kiesel, Patrick Michelberger, Géza Tóth, Harald Weinfurter

Published Jul 10, 2009• 294 citations
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Abstract

We report on the experimental observation and characterization of a six-photon entangled Dicke state. We obtain a fidelity as high as 0.654+/-0.024 and prove genuine six-photon entanglement by, amongst others, a two-setting witness yielding -0.422+/-0.148. This state has remarkable properties; e.g., it allows obtaining inequivalent entangled states of a lower qubit number via projective measurements, and it possesses a high entanglement persistency against qubit loss. We characterize the properties of the six-photon Dicke state experimentally by detecting and analyzing the entanglement of a variety of multipartite entangled states.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.103.020504

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Physical Review Letters•Oct 5, 2009•85 citations
We report on the experimental observation and characterization of a six-photon entangled Dicke state. We obtain a fidelity as high as 0.654+/-0.024 and prove genuine six-photon entanglement by, amongst others, a two-setting witness yielding -0.422+/-0.148. This state has remarkable properties; e.g., it allows obtaining inequivalent entangled states of a lower qubit number via projective measurements, and it possesses a high entanglement persistency against qubit loss. We characterize the properties of the six-photon Dicke state experimentally by detecting and analyzing the entanglement of a variety of multipartite entangled states.
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We report the first experimental generation and characterization of a six-photon Dicke state. The produced state shows a fidelity of F=0.56+/-0.02 with respect to an ideal Dicke state and violates a witness detecting genuine six-qubit entanglement by 4 standard deviations. We confirm characteristic Dicke properties of our resource and demonstrate its versatility by projecting out four- and five-photon Dicke states, as well as four-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and W states. We also show that Dicke states have interesting applications in multiparty quantum networking protocols such as open-destination teleportation, telecloning, and quantum secret sharing.
We present an experimental and theoretical characterization of the sym- metric four-qubit entangled Dicke state with two excitations D (2) . We investigate the state's violation of local realism and study its characteristic properties with re- spect to quantum information applications. For the experimental observation of the state we used photons obtained from parametric down conversion. This allowed, in a simple experimental set-up, quantum state tomography yielding a fidelity as high as 0.844 ± 0.008.
Major efforts in quantum information science are devoted to the development of methods that are superior to the one of classical information processing, for example the quantum computer or quantum simulations. For these purposes, superposition and entangled states are considered a decisive resource. Furthermore, since the early days of quantum mechanics, entanglement has revealed the discrepancy between the quantum mechanical and the everyday life perception of the physical world. This combination of fundamental science and application-oriented research makes the realization, characterization, and application of entanglement a challenge pursued by many researchers. In this work, the observation of entangled states of polarization encoded photonic qubits is pushed forward in two directions: flexibility in state observation and increase in photon rate. To achieve flexibility two different schemes are developed: setup-based and entanglement-based observation of inequivalent multi-photon states. The setup-based scheme relies on multi-photon interference at a polarizing beam splitter with prior polarization manipulations. It allows the observation of a family of important four-photon entangled states. The entanglement-based scheme exploits the rich properties of Dicke states under particle projections or loss in order to obtain inequivalent multi-photon entangled states. The observed states are characterized using the fidelity and entanglement witnesses. An increase in photon rate is crucial to achieve entanglement of higher photon numbers. This holds especially, when photon sources are utilized that emit photons spontaneously. To this end, a new photon source is presented based on a femtosecond ultraviolet enhancement cavity and applied to the observation of the six-photon Dicke state with three excitations. The implemented schemes not only allow the observation of inequivalent types of entanglement, but also the realization of various quantum information tasks. In this work, the four-photon GHZ state has been used in a quantum simulation of a minimal instance of the toric code. This code enables the demonstration of basic properties of anyons, which are quasiparticles distinct from bosons and fermions. Further, the six-photon Dicke state has been applied for quantum metrology: It allows one to estimate a phase shift with a higher precision than by using only classical resources. Altogether, a whole series of experiments for observing inequivalent multi-photon entangled states can now be substituted by a single experimental setup based on the designs developed in this work. In addition to this new approach of photon processing, a novel photon source has been implemented, paving the way to realizations of applications requiring higher photon numbers.
Invariant multiqubit entangled states, remaining unchanged under simultaneous identical unitary transformations of all their individual constituents, can be applied for decoherence-free encoding, quantum communication without sharing a common reference frame, telecloning and secret sharing. They also have properties which are interesting in studies of foundations of quantum mechanics. We experimentally generate and characterize such an invariant six-photon polarization entangled state. This is done solely with a suitable filtering procedure of triple emissions of entangled photon pairs from a single source, without any need for interferometric overlaps. We report the experimental observation of the invariant six-photon polarization entangled state, given by the superposition of a six-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and two products of three-qubit states. To verify that we actually are dealing with genuine entanglement we have derived a reduced entanglement witness, capable of affirming genuine six-partite entanglement with only three measurement settings.
Quantum multiphoton interferometry has now reached the six-photon stage. Thus far, the observed fidelities of entangled states never reached 2/3. We report a high fidelity (estimated at 88%) experiment in which six-qubit singlet correlations were observed. With such a high fidelity we are able to demonstrate the central property of these "singlet" correlations, their "rotational invariance," by performing a full set of measurements in three complementary polarization bases. The patterns are almost indistinguishable. The data reveal genuine six-photon entanglement. We also study several five-photon states, which result upon detection of one of the photons. Multiphoton singlet states survive some types of depolarization and are thus important in quantum communication schemes.