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arXiv:0805.4322 · International Journal of Quantum Information

A NOVEL ATTACK STRATEGY ON ENTANGLEMENT SWAPPING QKD PROTOCOLS

Stefan Schauer, MARTIN SUDA

Published Aug 1, 2008• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Li et al. presented a protocol [International Journal of Quantum Information4(6) (2006) 899–906] for quantum key distribution based on entanglement swapping. In this protocol, they use random and certain bits to construct a classical key, and they claim that this key is secure. In our article, we show that the protocol by Li et al. is insecure, presenting a new type of attack strategy which gives an adversary full information about the key without being detected. This strategy is based on entanglement swapping, too, and manages to preserve the correlation between the measurement results of the legitimate parties. Further, we present a modified version of the protocol and show that it is secure against this new attack strategy.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749908003736

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Li et al. presented a protocol [International Journal of Quantum Information4(6) (2006) 899–906] for quantum key distribution based on entanglement swapping. In this protocol, they use random and certain bits to construct a classical key, and they claim that this key is secure. In our article, we show that the protocol by Li et al. is insecure, presenting a new type of attack strategy which gives an adversary full information about the key without being detected. This strategy is based on entanglement swapping, too, and manages to preserve the correlation between the measurement results of the legitimate parties. Further, we present a modified version of the protocol and show that it is secure against this new attack strategy.
Extending the eavesdropping strategy devised by Zhang, Li, and Guo [Zhang, Li, and Guo, Phys. Rev. A 63, 036301 (2001)], we show that the multiparty quantum communication protocol based on entanglement swapping, which was proposed by Cabello (e-print quant-ph∕0009025), is not secure. We modify the protocol so that entanglement swapping can secure multiparty quantum communication, such as multiparty quantum key distribution and quantum secret sharing of classical information, and show that the modified protocol is secure against the Zhang-Li-Guo strategy for eavesdropping as well as the basic intercept-resend attack.
In this article, we discuss the optimality of basis transformations as a security measure for quantum key distribution protocols based on entanglement swapping. To estimate the security, we focus on the information an adversary obtains on the raw key bits from a generic version of a collective attack strategy. In the scenario described in this article, the application of general basis transformations serving as a counter measure by one or both legitimate parties is analyzed. In this context, we show that the angles, which describe these basis transformations can be optimized compared to the application of a Hadamard operation, which is the standard basis transformation recurrently found in literature. As a main result, we show that the adversary's information can be reduced to an amount of approximately 0.20752 when using a single basis transformation and to an amount of approximately 0.0548 when combining two different basis transformations. This is less than half the information compared to other protocols using a Hadamard operation and thus represents an advantage regarding the security of entanglement swapping based protocols.