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arXiv:0705.0097 · Physical Review A

Collective oscillations in trapped Bose-Einstein-condensed gases in the presence of weak disorder

G. M. Falco, Axel Pelster, R. Graham

Published Jul 25, 2007• 26 citations
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Abstract

The influence of a weak random potential on the collective modes of a trapped interacting Bose-Einstein condensate at zero temperature is calculated in the limit when the correlation length of the disorder is smaller than the healing length of the superfluid. The problem is solved in the Thomas-Fermi limit by generalizing the superfluid hydrodynamic equations to allow for the presence of weak disorder. We find that the disorder-induced frequency shifts of the low-energy excitations can be of the same order of magnitude as the beyond mean-field corrections in the normal interaction recently observed experimentally.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.76.013624

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The influence of a weak random potential on the collective modes of a trapped interacting Bose-Einstein condensate at zero temperature is calculated in the limit when the correlation length of the disorder is smaller than the healing length of the superfluid. The problem is solved in the Thomas-Fermi limit by generalizing the superfluid hydrodynamic equations to allow for the presence of weak disorder. We find that the disorder-induced frequency shifts of the low-energy excitations can be of the same order of magnitude as the beyond mean-field corrections in the normal interaction recently observed experimentally.
We investigate the combined effects of weak disorder and a two-dimensional (2D) optical lattice on the collective excitations of a harmonically trapped Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) at zero temperature. Accordingly, we generalize the hydrodynamic equations of superfluid for a weakly interacting Bose gas in a 2D optical lattice to include the effects of weak disorder. Our analytical results for the collective frequencies beyond the mean-field approximation reveal the peculiar role of disorder, interplaying with the 2D optical lattice and interatomic interaction, on elementary excitations along the 3D to 1D crossover. In particular, consequences of disorder on the phonon propagation and surface modes are analyzed in detail. The experimental scenario is also proposed.
Using the hydrodynamic theory of superfluids and the Lee-Huang-Yang equation of state for interacting Bose gases, we derive the first correction to the collective frequencies of a trapped gas, due to effects beyond the mean field approximation. The corresponding frequency shift, which is calculated at zero temperature and for large NNN, is compared with other corrections due to finite size, nonlinearity, and temperature. We show that for reasonable choices of the relevant parameters of the system, the non-mean-field correction is the leading contribution and amounts to about 11%1. The role of the deformation of the trap is also discussed.
We determine the leading shift of the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature for an ultracold dilute atomic gas in a harmonic trap due to weak disorder by treating both a Gaussian and a Lorentzian spatial correlation for the quenched disorder potential. Increasing the correlation length from values much smaller than the geometric mean of the trap scale and the mean particle distance to much larger values leads first to an increase of the positive shift to a maximum at this critical length scale and then to a decrease.
The frequencies of the collective oscillations of a harmonically trapped Fermi gas interacting with large scattering lengths are calculated at zero temperature using hydrodynamic theory. Different regimes are considered, including the molecular Bose-Einstein condensate and the unitarity limit for collisions. We show that the frequency of the radial compressional mode in an elongated trap exhibits a pronounced non-monotonous dependence on the scattering length, reflecting the role of the interactions in the equation of state.
The oscillation frequencies of collective excitations of a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate, when calculated in the mean-field approximation and in the Thomas-Fermi limit, are independent of the scattering length aaa. We calculate the leading corrections to the frequencies from quantum fluctuations around the mean field. The semiclassical correction is proportional to N1/5a6/5{N}^{1/5}{a}^{6/5}N1/5a6/5, where NNN is the number of atoms in the condensate. The correction is positive semidefinite and is zero for surface modes whose eigenfunctions have a vanishing Laplacian. The shift in the frequency of the lowest quadrupole mode for an axially symmetric trap is large enough that it should be measurable in future experiments.
We use Bogoliubov theory to calculate the beyond mean field correction to the equation of state of a weakly interacting Bose gas in the presence of a tight 2D optical lattice. We show that the lattice induces a characteristic 3D to 1D crossover in the behavior of quantum fluctuations. Using the hydrodynamic theory of superfluids, we calculate the corresponding shift of the collective frequencies of a harmonically trapped gas. We find that this correction can be of the order of a few percent and hence easily measurable in current experiments. The behavior of the quantum depletion of the condensate is also discussed.