The outline analyzes the principal difficulties, which emerge at the applying of modern quantum theory based on the Copenhagen School concept to phenomena developed in the range close to 10^{-28} cm (the point of intersection of the three fundamental interactions). It is shown that at this scale, the interaction of a moving particle with space plays an essential role and just space assigns wave and quantum properties to the particle. The main physical aspects of space structure are discussed herein.
The outline analyzes the principal difficulties, which emerge at the applying of modern quantum theory based on the Copenhagen School concept to phenomena developed in the range close to 10^{-28} cm (the point of intersection of the three fundamental interactions). It is shown that at this scale, the interaction of a moving particle with space plays an essential role and just space assigns wave and quantum properties to the particle. The main physical aspects of space structure are discussed herein.
Fundamental phenomena of quantum mechanics are now studied by using very precise techniques. Modern views on an interpretation of quantum mechanics are reduced to a set of statements that allow one to explain the result of a measurement by avoiding the intrusion of the observer into the process of that measurement. Submicroscopic mechanics will help us to cope with difficulties associated with the necessity for uniting quantum theory with gravity. Quantum mechanics is based on postulates, above all its formalism prescribes that the state of a quantum system either pure or mixed is given by a vector in a complex vector space, namely, a Hilbert space. Particle physicists study really fundamental things, but somehow forget that their studies are precisely rooted in quantum mechanical formalism. When the velocity v0 of a moving particle is close to the speed of light c, then the system under consideration is characterized by the relativistic Lagrangian.
In previous chapters we presented and discussed the standard, generally accepted Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics according to which there exists in nature at the most fundamental level an irreducible and ineliminable indeterminism. Although we saw that what historically constituted the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics is difficult to specify with precision, three central commitments do characterize it. (1) In general, no particle trajectories can exist in a space–time background. (2) No deterministic description of fundamental physical phenomena is possible. (3) There exists in the laws of the fundamental physical phenomena of nature an essential and ineliminable indeterminism or probability (unlike the probability of classical physics, that there reflects our ignorance of the finer details of complex physical phenomena). A flavor of these features of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics can be gotten from the quotations at the beginning of Part VIII ( Some philosophical lessons from quantum mechanics ). On this view, it is in principle impossible to predict, say, the exact future behavior of an electron (that is, to give its position and velocity as functions of the time). According to the Copenhagen school, there can be no causal description of microphenomena in terms of a continuous space–time background (as there is in classical physics). It is generally believed that a causal interpretation of quantum mechanics is impossible, although no proof of this exists.
A new concept of the constitution of Nature is proposed. The constructed submicroscopic quantum mechanics is deterministic and is characterised by elementary excitations of the space net that is treated as the tessellation of balls, or superparticles. Said excitations called "inertons" accompany any canonical particle when it moves. It is shown theoretically that the introduction of inertons obviates all conceptual difficulties of orthodox quantum mechanics. The theory has been verified experimentally. It is argued that just inertons play the role of real carriers in the gravitational interaction.
Abstract Fundamental concepts about the structure of matter have been analyzed based on cause-and-effect relations leading to the postulates of quantum mechanics. The interpretation of the characteristics of a vacuum as properties of a universal carrier medium in terms of fluid mechanics has made it possible to select consistent models of the basic objects of condensed matter. The development of concepts of the structure of the photon and electron has been supplemented by descriptions of the processes of their production and transformation. The nature of electric charges and the picture of their interaction through volumetric interference fields have been discussed. The details of the structure of the atom, the sizes of electron orbits, and the internal characteristics of some elementary particles have been clarified. The physical nature of the quantization of matter at different dimensional and energy levels has been determined. The proposed solutions to problems of a quantum can be useful for the range of physicists dealing with problems that are fundamentally unsolvable in traditional terms.
It is the matter of fact that quantum mechanics operates with notions that are not determined in the frame of the mechanics' formalism. Among them we can call the notion of "wave-particle" (that, however, does not appear in both classical and high energy physics), the probabilistic interpretation of the Schroedinger wave ψ-function and hence the probability amplitude and its phase, long-range action, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, the passage to the so-called operators of physical values, etc. Orthodox quantum mechanics was constructed as a physical theory developed in the phase space of the mentioned notions. That is why the formalism of quantum mechanics is aimed only at detailed calculations of the stationary states of the energy of the quantum system studied and is not able to describe a real path running by the system in the real space; instead, the formalism gives an averaged probabilistic prediction. Thus, if we are able to develop quantum mechanics in the real space, an option to clarify all the difficulties associated with the above notions would appear. Such a theory of quantum mechanics developed in the real space in fact has recently been constructed by the author. The theory started from deeper first principles, namely, from the consideration of the notion of a 4D space-time. So, the notion of fundamental particle, the principles of the motion of a particle and other characteristics have been made clear. The theory, rather a submicroscopic one, is characterized by short-range action that automatically means the introduction of a new kind of carriers, i.e. carriers of the quantum mechanical force. The existence of the carriers called "inertons" (because they carry inert properties of matter) has indeed been verified in a number of experiments.
So-called hidden variables introduced in quantum mechanics by de Broglie and Bohm have changed their initial enigmatic meanings and acquired quite reasonable outlines of real and measurable characteristics. The start viewpoint was the following: All the phenomena, which we observe in the quantum world, should reflect structural properties of the real space. Thus the scale 10^{-28} cm at which three fundamental interactions (electromagnetic, weak, and strong) intersect has been treated as the size of a building block of the space. The appearance of a massive particle is associated with a local deformation of the cellular space, i.e. deformation of a cell. The mechanics of a moving particle that has been constructed is deterministic by its nature and shows that the particle interacts with cells of the space creating elementary excitations called "inertons". The further study has disclosed that inertons are a substructure of the matter waves which are described by the orthodox wave ψ-function formalism. The concept has allowed resolving the spin problem. The theory, or more exactly, the existence of inertons, has been verified experimentally: in rarefied gases, inerton clouds of atoms' electrons interact with a strong laser pulse; in a solid, atom's inertons induce an additional harmonic potential that contributes to the interatomic interaction (metal specimens and the KIO_3*HIO_3 crystal).