A new concept of the constitution of Nature is proposed. The constructed submicroscopic quantum mechanics is deterministic and is characterised by elementary excitations of the space net that is treated as the tessellation of balls, or superparticles. Said excitations called "inertons" accompany any canonical particle when it moves. It is shown theoretically that the introduction of inertons obviates all conceptual difficulties of orthodox quantum mechanics. The theory has been verified experimentally. It is argued that just inertons play the role of real carriers in the gravitational interaction.
A new concept of the constitution of Nature is proposed. The constructed submicroscopic quantum mechanics is deterministic and is characterised by elementary excitations of the space net that is treated as the tessellation of balls, or superparticles. Said excitations called "inertons" accompany any canonical particle when it moves. It is shown theoretically that the introduction of inertons obviates all conceptual difficulties of orthodox quantum mechanics. The theory has been verified experimentally. It is argued that just inertons play the role of real carriers in the gravitational interaction.
So-called hidden variables introduced in quantum mechanics by de Broglie and Bohm have changed their initial enigmatic meanings and acquired quite reasonable outlines of real and measurable characteristics. The start viewpoint was the following: All the phenomena, which we observe in the quantum world, should reflect structural properties of the real space. Thus the scale 10^{-28} cm at which three fundamental interactions (electromagnetic, weak, and strong) intersect has been treated as the size of a building block of the space. The appearance of a massive particle is associated with a local deformation of the cellular space, i.e. deformation of a cell. The mechanics of a moving particle that has been constructed is deterministic by its nature and shows that the particle interacts with cells of the space creating elementary excitations called "inertons". The further study has disclosed that inertons are a substructure of the matter waves which are described by the orthodox wave ψ-function formalism. The concept has allowed resolving the spin problem. The theory, or more exactly, the existence of inertons, has been verified experimentally: in rarefied gases, inerton clouds of atoms' electrons interact with a strong laser pulse; in a solid, atom's inertons induce an additional harmonic potential that contributes to the interatomic interaction (metal specimens and the KIO_3*HIO_3 crystal).
It is the matter of fact that quantum mechanics operates with notions that are not determined in the frame of the mechanics' formalism. Among them we can call the notion of "wave-particle" (that, however, does not appear in both classical and high energy physics), the probabilistic interpretation of the Schroedinger wave ψ-function and hence the probability amplitude and its phase, long-range action, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, the passage to the so-called operators of physical values, etc. Orthodox quantum mechanics was constructed as a physical theory developed in the phase space of the mentioned notions. That is why the formalism of quantum mechanics is aimed only at detailed calculations of the stationary states of the energy of the quantum system studied and is not able to describe a real path running by the system in the real space; instead, the formalism gives an averaged probabilistic prediction. Thus, if we are able to develop quantum mechanics in the real space, an option to clarify all the difficulties associated with the above notions would appear. Such a theory of quantum mechanics developed in the real space in fact has recently been constructed by the author. The theory started from deeper first principles, namely, from the consideration of the notion of a 4D space-time. So, the notion of fundamental particle, the principles of the motion of a particle and other characteristics have been made clear. The theory, rather a submicroscopic one, is characterized by short-range action that automatically means the introduction of a new kind of carriers, i.e. carriers of the quantum mechanical force. The existence of the carriers called "inertons" (because they carry inert properties of matter) has indeed been verified in a number of experiments.
The outline analyzes the principal difficulties, which emerge at the applying of modern quantum theory based on the Copenhagen School concept to phenomena developed in the range close to 10^{-28} cm (the point of intersection of the three fundamental interactions). It is shown that at this scale, the interaction of a moving particle with space plays an essential role and just space assigns wave and quantum properties to the particle. The main physical aspects of space structure are discussed herein.
An explanation for quantum mechanics is given in terms of a classical theory (general relativity) for the first time. Specifically, it is shown that certain structures in classical general relativity can give rise to the non-classical logic normally associated with quantum mechanics. An artificial classical model of quantum logic is constructed to show how the Hilbert space structure of quantum mechanics is a natural way to describe a measurement-dependent stochastic process. A 4-geon model of an elementary particle is proposed which is asymptotically flat, particle-like and has a non-trivial causal structure. The usual Cauchy data are no longer sufficient to determine a unique evolution; the measurement apparatus itself can impose further non-redundant boundary conditions. When measurements of an object provide additional non-redundant boundary conditions, the associated propositions would fail to satisfy the distributive law of classical physics. Using the 4-geon model, an orthomodular lattice of propositions, characteristic of quantum mechanics, is formally constructed within the framework of classical general relativity. The model described provides a classical gravitational basis for quantum mechanics, obviating the need for quantum gravity. The equations of quantum mechanics are unmodified, but quantum behaviour is not universal; classical particles and waves could exist and there is no graviton.
Fundamental phenomena of quantum mechanics are now studied by using very precise techniques. Modern views on an interpretation of quantum mechanics are reduced to a set of statements that allow one to explain the result of a measurement by avoiding the intrusion of the observer into the process of that measurement. Submicroscopic mechanics will help us to cope with difficulties associated with the necessity for uniting quantum theory with gravity. Quantum mechanics is based on postulates, above all its formalism prescribes that the state of a quantum system either pure or mixed is given by a vector in a complex vector space, namely, a Hilbert space. Particle physicists study really fundamental things, but somehow forget that their studies are precisely rooted in quantum mechanical formalism. When the velocity v0 of a moving particle is close to the speed of light c, then the system under consideration is characterized by the relativistic Lagrangian.
This paper re-examines quantum tunnelling—the penetration of a potential barrier by a subatomic particle—through the lens of classical wave dynamics. The author contends that applying the standard Schrödinger equation to this phenomenon lacks a solid physical foundation, whereas a classical wave description inherently necessitates a propagation medium. This requirement provides further evidence for a discrete, submicroscopic spatial structure: the tessellattice. By treating space as a physical substrate rather than an empty vacuum, this study identifies the source of intrinsic noise in quantum systems as inertons—mass perturbations generated by the internal dynamics of the tessellattice. While current quantum technologies rely on extreme cryogenic cooling to suppress noise, this paper argues that the abstract mathematical framework of standard quantum mechanics cannot fundamentally account for these vacuum-based fluctuations. By treating the tessellattice as a dynamic substrate, this work establishes a novel physical basis for understanding and mitigating qubit decoherence, offering a concrete, structural alternative to conventional cryogenic noise-reduction strategies.