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arXiv:quant-ph/9906131 · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

Quantum error detection .II. Bounds

Alexei Ashikhmin, Alexander Barg, Emanuel H. Knill, Simon N. Litsyn

Published May 1, 2000• 50 citations
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Abstract

In Part II we show that there exist quantum codes whose probability of undetected error falls exponentially with the length of the code and derive bounds on this exponent.The lower (existence) bound for stabilizer codes is proved by a counting argument for classical self-orthogonal quaternary codes. Upper bounds for any quantum codes are proved by linear programming. We present two general solutions of the LP problem. Together they give an upper bound on the exponent of undetected error. The upper and lower asymptotic bounds coincide for a certain interval of code rates close to 1.

DOI
10.1109/18.841163

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In Part II we show that there exist quantum codes whose probability of undetected error falls exponentially with the length of the code and derive bounds on this exponent.The lower (existence) bound for stabilizer codes is proved by a counting argument for classical self-orthogonal quaternary codes. Upper bounds for any quantum codes are proved by linear programming. We present two general solutions of the LP problem. Together they give an upper bound on the exponent of undetected error. The upper and lower asymptotic bounds coincide for a certain interval of code rates close to 1.
We show that the probability of undetected error for a quantum code on the depolarizing channel can be expressed via code's weight enumerators. We prove that there exist quantum codes whose probability of undetected error falls exponentially with the length of the code and derive a lower bound on this exponent. To derive upper bounds we formulate a linear programming problem and present two feasible programs for it. The asymptotic upper and lower bounds coincide in a certain interval of code rates close to 1.
Linear programming approaches have been applied to derive upper bounds on the size of classical and quantum codes. In this paper, we derive similar results for general quantum codes with entanglement assistance by considering a type of split weight enumerator. After deriving the MacWilliams identities for these enumerators, we are able to prove algebraic linear programming bounds, such as the Singleton bound, the Hamming bound, and the first linear programming bound. Our Singleton bound and Hamming bound are more general than the previous bounds for entanglement-assisted quantum stabilizer codes. In addition, we show that the first linear programming bound improves the Hamming bound when the relative distance is sufficiently large. On the other hand, we obtain additional constraints on the size of Pauli subgroups for quantum codes, which allow us to improve the linear programming bounds on the minimum distance of quantum codes of small length. In particular, we show that there is no [[27, 15, 5]] or [[28, 14, 6]] stabilizer code. We also discuss the existence of some entanglement-assisted quantum stabilizer codes with maximal entanglement. As a result, the upper and lower bounds on the minimum distance of maximal-entanglement quantum stabilizer codes with length up to 20 are significantly improved.
The tradeoff between the quantum coding rate and the associated error correction capability is characterized by the quantum coding bounds. The unique solution for this tradeoff does not exist, but the corresponding lower and the upper bounds can be found in the literature. In this treatise, we survey the existing quantum coding bounds and provide new insights into the classical to quantum duality for the sake of deriving new quantum coding bounds. Moreover, we propose an appealingly simple and invertible analytical approximation, which describes the tradeoff between the quantum coding rate and the minimum distance of quantum stabilizer codes. For example, for a half-rate quantum stabilizer code having a code word length of n = 128, the minimum distance is bounded by 11 <; d <; 22, while our formulation yields a minimum distance of d = 16 for the above-mentioned code. Ultimately, our contributions can be used for the characterization of quantum stabilizer codes.
From last fourteen years the work on undetected error probability for quantum codes has been silent. The undetected error probability has been discussed by Ashikhmin [3] in which it was proved that the average probability of undetected error for a given code is essentially given by a function of its weight enumerators. In this paper, new upper bounds on undetected error probability for quantum codes used for error detection on depolarization channel are given. It has also been established that the probability of undetected errors for quantum codes over depolarization channel do satisfy the upper bound analogous to classical codes.
This paper is devoted to the problem of error detection with quantum codes. We show that it is possible to give a consistent definition of the undetected error event. To prove this, we examine possible problem settings for quantum error detection. Our goal is to derive a functional that describes the probability of undetected error under natural physical assumptions concerning transmission with error detection with quantum codes. We discuss possible transmission protocols with stabilizer and unrestricted quantum codes. The set of results proved in the paper shows that in all the cases considered the average probability of undetected error for a given code is essentially given by one and the same function of its weight enumerators. We examine polynomial invariants of quantum codes and show that coefficients of Rains's (see ibid., vol44, p.1388-94, 1998) "unitary weight enumerators" are known for classical codes under the name of binomial moments of the distance distribution. As in the classical situation, these enumerators provide an alternative expression for the probability of undetected error.
The quantum Hamming bound arises from a direct dimension estimate for exact quantum error-correcting codes. For nondegenerate codes, distinct correctable errors map the code space into orthogonal subspaces, so dimension counting directly gives the bound; degeneracy allows these subspaces to overlap and invalidates the argument. Although linear-programming, asymptotic, and structural approaches have advanced the problem from several directions, the general local-dimension case has remained open. Here we prove the quantum Hamming bound for every local dimension q≥3q\ge3q≥3. Building on the exact two-center Fourier reduction, we develop new overlap estimates for nonbinary Hamming spaces. For q≥4q\ge4q≥4, Jacobi estimates and monotonicity give a uniform gap; qutrits form the boundary case where the gap vanishes and are handled by a filtered correction. This completes the finite-length nonbinary case; together with the existing qubit result, it establishes the quantum Hamming bound for arbitrary local dimension.