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arXiv:quant-ph/9812080 · Physical Review A

Dispersion in femtosecond entangled two-photon interference

Jan Peřina, Alexander V. Sergienko, Bradley M. Jost, Bahaa E. A. Saleh, Malvin Carl Teich

Published Mar 1, 1999• 61 citations
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Abstract

We theoretically investigate the quantum interference of entangled two-photon states generated in a nonlinear crystal pumped by femtosecond optical pulses. Interference patterns generated by the polarization analog of the Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer are studied. Attention is devoted to the effects of the pump-pulse profile (pulse duration and chirp) and the second-order dispersion in both the nonlinear crystal and the interferometer's optical elements. Dispersion causes the interference pattern to have an asymmetric shape. Dispersion cancellation occurs in some cases.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.59.2359

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We theoretically investigate the quantum interference of entangled two-photon states generated in a nonlinear crystal pumped by femtosecond optical pulses. Interference patterns generated by the polarization analog of the Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer are studied. Attention is devoted to the effects of the pump-pulse profile (pulse duration and chirp) and the second-order dispersion in both the nonlinear crystal and the interferometer's optical elements. Dispersion causes the interference pattern to have an asymmetric shape. Dispersion cancellation occurs in some cases.
We investigate quantum interference effects of entangled two-photon states generated in a nonlinear crystal pumped by femtosecond pulses. Attention is devoted to the effects of the pump-pulse profile (pulse duration and chirp) as well as those originating in second-order dispersion, both in the nonlinear crystal and in the optical elements through which the down-converted photons propagate. The characteristics of the pump pulse, along with the dispersion, influence on the visibility and the symmetry of the coincidence-count interference pattern. Nonlocal dispersion cancellation occurs in some cases.
The generation of entangled states of three or more photons through the nonlinear process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion requires the use of a femtosecond pump to provide an indistinguishability of photon pairs generated from different nonlinear crystals. We demonstrate experimentally that the quantum interference between two photons generated in each of the nonlinear crystals will degrade significantly as the duration of the femtosecond pump pulse becomes shorter than the coherence time of the signal and idler photons. Spectral postselection using narrow-band filters compensates this effect at the expense of the photon flux available for detection.
A ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ nonlinear optical crystal is pumped by two temporally well-distinguishable femtosecond laser pulses to generate entangled photon pairs in the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion. We have observed first- and second-order interference between amplitudes generated from the first and the second pump pulse as a function of the time delay between the two pump pulses. The criteria for first- and second-order interference are found to be very different, which reflect the quantum entanglement nature of the state of spontaneous parametric down-conversion.
Summary form only given. Pairs of entangled photons display a complex quantum state that cannot be represented through a product of single-particle states. The spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) process, that takes place when a laser pulse pumps a second-order nonlinear crystal has become recently a convenient source of such nonclassical states of light in quantum optics experiments. Nonstationary effects are mainly observed when the pump pulse temporal duration is significantly shorter than the characteristic interaction time in the nonlinear crystal. We introduce a nonstationary theory of SPDC to describe the results of fourth-order quantum-interference experiments when no spectral filtering is applied to the down-converted fields. Experiments involving nonlinear SPDC crystals with three different lengths were performed. The ultraviolet laser pulses were obtained from a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser with a second-harmonic generator. These pulses were used to pump nonlinear crystals to initiate the process of nonstationary spdc and generate orthogonally-polarized photon pairs. These pairs then went into a polarization interferometer, and the coincidence counts of the detectors at the two output ports of the interferometer were recorded.
The dispersion cancellation observed in Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference between frequency-entangled photon pairs has been the basis of quantum optical coherence tomography and quantum clock synchronization. Here we explore the effect of phase dispersion on ultranarrow HOM dips. We show that the higher-order dispersion, the linewidth of the pump laser, and the spectral shape of the parametric fluorescence have a strong effect on the dispersion cancellation in the high-resolution regime with several experimental verifications. Perfect dispersion cancellation with a linewidth of 3 $\ensuremath{\mu}$m is also demonstrated through 25 mm of water.