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arXiv:quant-ph/9804075 · Contemporary Physics

Teleportation, entanglement and thermodynamics in the quantum world

Martin Bodo Plenio, Vlatko Vedral

Published Nov 1, 1998• 306 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum mechanics has many counter-intuitive consequences which contradict our intuition which is based on classical physics. Here we discuss a special aspect of quantum mechanics, namely the possibility of entanglement between two or more particles. We will establish the basic properties of entanglement using quantum state teleportation. These principles will then allow us to formulate quantitative measures of entanglement. Finally we will show that the same general principles can also be used to prove seemingly difficult questions regarding entanglement dynamics very easily. This will be used to motivate the hope that we can construct a thermodynamics of entanglement.

DOI
10.1080/001075198181766

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Quantum mechanics has many counter-intuitive consequences which contradict our intuition which is based on classical physics. Here we discuss a special aspect of quantum mechanics, namely the possibility of entanglement between two or more particles. We will establish the basic properties of entanglement using quantum state teleportation. These principles will then allow us to formulate quantitative measures of entanglement. Finally we will show that the same general principles can also be used to prove seemingly difficult questions regarding entanglement dynamics very easily. This will be used to motivate the hope that we can construct a thermodynamics of entanglement.
Abstract One of the most surprising consequences of quantum mechanics is the entanglement of two or more distance particles. The “ghost” interference and the “ghost” image experiments demonstrated the astonishing nonlocal behavior of an entangled photon pair. Even though we still have questions in regard to fundamental issues of the entangled quantum systems, quantum entanglement has started to play important roles in quantum information and quantum computation. Quantum teleportation is one of the hot topics. We have demonstrated a quantum teleportation experiment recently. The experimental results proved the working principle of irreversibly teleporting an unknown arbitrary quantum state from one system to another distant system by disassembling into and then later reconstructing from purely classical information and nonclassical EPR correlations. The distinct feature of this experiment is that the complete set of Bell states can be distinguished in the Bell state measurement. Teleportation of a quantum state can thus occur with certainty in principle.
I will show how an objective definition of the concept of information and the consideration of recent results about information-processing in the human brain help clarify some fundamental and often counter-intuitive aspects of quantum mechanics. In particular, I will discuss entanglement, teleportation, non-interaction measurements and decoherence in the light of the fact that pragmatic information, the one our brain handles, can only be defined in the classical macroscopic domain; it does not operate in the quantum domain. This justifies viewing quantum mechanics as a discipline dealing with mathematical models and procedures aimed exclusively at predicting possible macroscopic changes and their likelihood that a given quantum system may cause when it interacts with its environment, including man-made devices such as measurement instruments. I will discuss the informational and neurobiological reasons of why counter-intuitive aspects arise whenever we attempt to construct mental images of the "inner workings" of a quantum system by forcing the concepts of classical information and time into the quantum domain; in this context I will examine the role of pragmatic information as a discriminator in the quantum-to-classical transition.
The surprising aspects of quantum information are due to two distinctly non-classical features of the quantum world: first, different quantum states need not be orthogonal and, second, quantum states may be entangled. Non-orthogonality leads to the blurring of classical distinctions. On the other hand, entanglement leads via non-locality to teleportation and other ``entanglement-assisted'' forms of communication that go beyond what is classically possible. In this article we attempt to understand these new possibilities via an analysis of the significance of entanglement for the basic physical concepts of a ``particle'' and a ``localized physical system''. Classical particles can be individuated on the basis of qualitative differences in their sets of properties. But in entangled states the ``particle labels'' of the quantum formalism usually do not pick out such sets of individuating particle properties. It is sometimes nevertheless possible to think in terms of individual particles, which may be localized; but we argue that in general the structure of quantum mechanics is at odds with such a particle interpretation. This finally leads us to the conclusion that quantum mechanics is best seen as not belonging to the category of space-time theories, in which physical quantities are functions on space-time points. The resulting picture of the quantum world is relevant for our understanding of the way in which quantum theory is non-local, and it sheds light on the novel aspects of quantum information.
Quantum mechanics discovers fascinating concepts like entanglement, in which subatomic particles stay correlated regardless of distance. Measurements on one particle instantaneously influence the other, defying classical expectations. While the principles of quantum mechanics suggest the possibility of faster-than-light information transfer, experiments such as quantum teleportation and entanglement exchange indicate this more explicitly. However, it’s crucial to distinguish this from the speed limit of light established by special relativity. This chapter argues that the superluminal aspect observed in these processes pertains to ontological information, and not the actual physical movement of micro-particles; in contrast, epistemological information, derived from measurements, remains bound by the speed of light. Microscopic particles possess both intrinsic properties (their own nature) and extrinsic properties (how they interact with the environment). This duality extends to their identity and distinguishability. Quantum teleportation experiments demonstrate that quantum reality unites quantum information within these micro-particles; in addition, quantum information can be transferred through specific quantum processes.
Teleportation also called, as Quantum Teleportation is a technique, which involves the duplication or re-creation of physical properties using light beams. Teleportation involves the transfer of States between two separate atoms. It relies on a strange behaviour that exists at the atomic scale known as entanglement, whereby two particles can have related properties even when they are far apart. Entanglement allows particles to have a much closer relationship than is possible in classical physics. If two particles are entangled, we can know the state of one particle by measuring the state of the other. For example, two particles can be entangled such that the spin of one particle is always up when the spin of the other is down, and vice versa. An additional feature of quantum mechanics is that the particle can exist in a superposition of both these states at the same time. The landmark experiments are being viewed as a major advance in the quest to achieve ultra-fast computers, inside which teleportation could provide a form of invisible wiring. These machines would be able to handle far bigger and more complex loads than today's super-computers, and at many times their speed. Here in this report, we are going to discuss about the technique involved in quantum computing, quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation and in specific Quantum Computers along with its advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, the future aspects of quantum teleportation such as human teleportation have also been overviewed.
Quantum Teleportation is the key communication functionality of the Quantum Internet, allowing the “transmission” of qubits without the physical transfer of the particle storing the qubit. Quantum teleportation is facilitated by the action of quantum entanglement, a somewhat counter-intuitive physical phenomenon with no direct counterpart in the classical word. As a consequence, the very concept of the classical communication system model has to be redesigned to account for the peculiarities of quantum teleportation. This re-design is a crucial prerequisite for constructing any effective quantum communication protocol. The aim of this manuscript is to shed light on this key concept, with the objective of allowing the reader: i) to appreciate the fundamental differences between the transmission of classical information versus the teleportation of quantum information; ii) to understand the communications functionalities underlying quantum teleportation, and to grasp the challenges in the design and practical employment of these functionalities; iii) to acknowledge that quantum information is subject to the deleterious effects of a noise process termed as quantum decoherence. This imperfection has no direct counterpart in the classical world; iv) to recognize how to contribute to the design and employment of the Quantum Internet.