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arXiv:quant-ph/0612075 · Journal of Physics Conference Series

Experimental tests of hidden variable theories from dBB to stochastic electrodynamics

Marco Genovese, G. Brida, Marco Gramegna, Fabrizio Piacentini, E. Predazzi, Ivano Ruo Berchera

Published May 1, 2007• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The studies concerning the possible existence of a deterministic theory, of which quantum mechanics would be an approximation, date to the celebrated 1935 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paper. Since Bell's proposal of 1964 various experiments were addressed to a general experimental test of local hidden variable theories, leading to strong indications favourable to Standard Quantum Mechanics. Nevertheless, detection loophole still persists. After a short presentation of recent PDC photon experiments, we will present our recent works in this field and, in particular, a conclusive negative test of stochastic electrodynamics. Finally, we will also mention possible tests of non-local deterministic models and give some detail on our test of the dBB model.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/67/1/012047

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The studies concerning the possible existence of a deterministic theory, of which quantum mechanics would be an approximation, date to the celebrated 1935 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paper. Since Bell's proposal of 1964 various experiments were addressed to a general experimental test of local hidden variable theories, leading to strong indications favourable to Standard Quantum Mechanics. Nevertheless, detection loophole still persists. After a short presentation of recent PDC photon experiments, we will present our recent works in this field and, in particular, a conclusive negative test of stochastic electrodynamics. Finally, we will also mention possible tests of non-local deterministic models and give some detail on our test of the dBB model.
A family of theories called "deterministic local hidden variable theories" (DLHV) is characterized and their consequences are investigated for an experimentally realistic situation. An experiment on the polarization correlation of optical photon pairs emitted in certain atomic cascades is proposed as a test of the family of DLHV theories. The model-independent hidden variable predictions applicable to the realistic experimental arrangement are obtained by a generalization of a previous theorem of Bell. Quantum mechanical predictions for the same experimental situation are calculated for two cases: a J = 0 + J = 1 + J = 0 and a J = 1 + J = 1 + J = 0 electric dipole cascade. For both cascades, it is shown that the quantum mechanical and the DLHV predictions are in sufficient disagreement for an actual experimental test to be possible. Restrictions on detector solid angle and polarizer efficiency, necessary to obtain a decisive experiment, are explicitly given. The Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen argument for the existence of a DLHV theory is reviewed.
Bell's inequalities(1964) provides a quantitative criterion to test the local hidden variable theory(LHVT) versus quantum mechanics(QM).For the first time,it leads to the possibility to experimentally distinguish LHVT and QM.So far,there have been tens of experiments ever since the first experiment by Clauser et al(1972).An overwhelming majority of these experiments are in good agreement with the predictions of QM yet violate those of LHVT.Some loopholes in these experiments are discussed in Section I,followed by a respective summary to 12 experiments between 1972 to 1982 and 31 experiments from 1985 and on in Sections II and III.It is finally pointed out that so far there is not a single experiment to close both the locality loophole and the detection loophole at the same time,but the experimental outcomes are irreversible.Accordingly,theoretical physicists must admit that the present physics foundation is broken,i.e.quantum mechanics is contradiction with special relativity.
An overview of the history of Bell’s inequality is given, beginning with the so-called EPR paradox originally put forward by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen and the impossibility proof of von Neumann. Bell’s inequality, which ultimately shifted the discussion from arguments based on philosophically introduced postulates to the domain of experimental physics, is presented together with experimental attempts from the early 1970s to 2010s to violate this inequality. We introduce three historical loopholes in the experimental schemes which have prevented experimentalists from being able to fully disprove the possibility of a hidden-variables description of nature. Recent experimental data indicate that all the main loopholes are now closed for photons (albeit not simultaneously in one experiment). Besides the class of stochastic local realism that have been tested experimentally, some other possible classical interpretations are mentioned.
1 History of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox.- 2 Are Faster-Than-Light Influences Necessary?.- 3 All the Inequalities of Einstein Locality.- 4 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Experiments Using the Decays of ?c or J/? into ??? ? ?-?p?+p?.- Chapter5 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox for the K0-K?0 and B0-B?0 Systems.- 6 Even Local Probabilities Lead to the Paradox.- 7 The Experimental Investigation of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Question and Bell's Inequality.- 8 Rapisarda's Experiment: Testing Quantum Mechanics versus Local Hidden-Variable Theories with Dichotomic Analyzers.- 9 Nonlocality and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Experiment as Understood through the Quantum-Potential Approach.- 10 Interpretation of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Effect in Terms of a Generalized Causality.- 11 Quantum Action-at-a-Distance: The Mystery of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Correlations.- 12 Particle Trajectories and Quantum Correlations.- 13 Bell's Inequality and the Nonergodic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.- 14 An Extended-Probability Response to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument.- 15 The Search for Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics.- 16 Variable Detection Probability Models for Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Type Experiments.- 17 Stochastic Electrodynamics and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument.- 18 Explicit Calculations with a Hidden-Variable Spin Model.- 19 Symmetric and Asymmetric Models for Atomic Cascade Experiments.
This paper furthers the long historical examination of and debate on the foundations of quantum mechanics (QM) by presenting two local hidden variable (LHV) rules in the context of the EPRB experiment which violate Bell's inequality, but which are nevertheless local and deterministic under reasonable definitions of the terms, and coincide approximately with the conventional QM prediction. The theories are based on the general idea of probabilistic detection of particles depending on an interaction of hidden variables within the measuring device and particle, and relate mathematically to Fourier analysis. The crucial discrepancy of variations in the hidden variable distribution based on relative polarizer orientations is isolated which invalidates assumptions in Bell-type theorems. The first theory can be analyzed completely symbolically whereas the second was analyzed using numerical methods. The properties of the second in particular are shown to be approximately consistent with the reported results and uncertainties in all three Aspect experiments. Variation in the total photon pairs detected over orientations is shown to be a basic characteristic of these theories. Some comments on the relevance of active vs. passive locality are made. Two sections consider these ideas relative to energy conservation and the measurement problem (collapse of the wavefunction). One section proposes new experiments.
Recent experiments on the classic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) setting claim to test the compatibility between nonlocal quantum entanglement and the (special) theory of relativity. Confirmation of quantum theory has led to the interpretation that Einstein's image of physical reality for each photon in the EPR pair cannot be maintained. A detailed critique on two representative experiments is presented following the original EPR notion of local realism. It is argued that relativity does not enter into the picture, however for the Bell-Bohm version of local realism in terms of hidden variables such experiments are significant. Of the two alternatives, namely incompleteness of quantum theory for describing an individual quantum system, and the ensemble view, it is only the former that has been ruled out by the experiments. An alternative approach gives a statistical ensemble interpretation of the observed data, and the significant conclusion that these experiments do not deny physical reality of the photon is obtained. After discussing the need for a photon model, a vortex structure is proposed based on the space-time invariant property-spin, and pure gauge fields. To test the prime role of spin for photons and the angular-momentum interpretation of electromagnetic fields, experimental schemes feasible in modern laboratories are suggested.