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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Recent experimental progresses in testing Quantum Mechanics

G. Brida, Marco Genovese, Fabrizio Piacentini

Published Jul 8, 2011• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper we will show some recent experiments performed in the "Carlo Novero" labs of the Optics Division of the National Institute of Metrological Research (INRIM, Torino, Italy), in order to discriminate between Standard Quantum Mechanics and some specific, restricted class of Hidden Variable Theories (HVTs). The first experiment will be on the testing of two restricted Local Realistic Theories (LRTs) [1, 2], properly built to describe polarization entangled photons experiments, whose inequalities are not affected by the detection loophole. The second and third experiments instead will perform the Alicki – Van Ryn non-classicality test [3] on single particles, by means of two different setups based on heralded single photon sources.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/306/1/012011

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In this paper we will show some recent experiments performed in the "Carlo Novero" labs of the Optics Division of the National Institute of Metrological Research (INRIM, Torino, Italy), in order to discriminate between Standard Quantum Mechanics and some specific, restricted class of Hidden Variable Theories (HVTs). The first experiment will be on the testing of two restricted Local Realistic Theories (LRTs) [1, 2], properly built to describe polarization entangled photons experiments, whose inequalities are not affected by the detection loophole. The second and third experiments instead will perform the Alicki – Van Ryn non-classicality test [3] on single particles, by means of two different setups based on heralded single photon sources.
Bell's inequalities(1964) provides a quantitative criterion to test the local hidden variable theory(LHVT) versus quantum mechanics(QM).For the first time,it leads to the possibility to experimentally distinguish LHVT and QM.So far,there have been tens of experiments ever since the first experiment by Clauser et al(1972).An overwhelming majority of these experiments are in good agreement with the predictions of QM yet violate those of LHVT.Some loopholes in these experiments are discussed in Section I,followed by a respective summary to 12 experiments between 1972 to 1982 and 31 experiments from 1985 and on in Sections II and III.It is finally pointed out that so far there is not a single experiment to close both the locality loophole and the detection loophole at the same time,but the experimental outcomes are irreversible.Accordingly,theoretical physicists must admit that the present physics foundation is broken,i.e.quantum mechanics is contradiction with special relativity.
The studies concerning the possible existence of a deterministic theory, of which quantum mechanics would be an approximation, date to the celebrated 1935 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paper. Since Bell's proposal of 1964 various experiments were addressed to a general experimental test of local hidden variable theories, leading to strong indications favourable to Standard Quantum Mechanics. Nevertheless, detection loophole still persists. After a short presentation of recent PDC photon experiments, we will present our recent works in this field and, in particular, a conclusive negative test of stochastic electrodynamics. Finally, we will also mention possible tests of non-local deterministic models and give some detail on our test of the dBB model.
Over the past three decades or so, experiments of the type called Gedanken have become real. Recall the Schrödinger quote from Chapter 8: “… we never experiment with just one electron or atom or (small) molecule.” This is no longer true. We can do experiments involving single atoms or molecules and even on single photons, and thus it becomes possible to demonstrate that the “ridiculous consequences” alluded to by Schrödinger are, in fact, quite real. We have already discussed some examples of single-photon experiments in Chapter 6, and in Chapter 10 we shall discuss experiments performed with single atoms and single trapped ions. In the present chapter, we shall elaborate further on experimental tests of fundamentals of quantum mechanics involving a small number of photons. By fundamental tests we mean tests of quantum mechanics against the predictions of local realistic theories (i.e. hidden variable theories). Specifically, we discuss optical experiments demonstrating violations of Bell's inequalities, violations originally discussed by Bell in the context of two spin-one-half particles. Such violations, if observed experimentally, falsify local realistic hidden-variable theories. Locality refers to the notion, familiar in classical physics, that there cannot be a causal relationship between events with space-like separations. That is, the events cannot be connected by any signal moving at, or less than, the speed of light; i.e. the events are outside the light-cone. But in quantum mechanics, it appears that nonlocal effects, effects seemly violating the classical notion of locality in a certain restricted sense, are possible.
We shortly review a couple of proposals of Bell inequality tests with entangled pairs of neutral kaons from φ resonance decays.The suggested experiments are discussed in the light of the essential requirements for a genuine discrimination between local hidden-variable theories (i.e., local realism) and quantum mechanics.We clarify the logical limitations of these tests in refuting the whole class of local realistic models.Detailed analyses imply that a Bell-type test with neutral kaons free from the detection loophole requires a few % strangeness detection efficiencies and very high efficiencies for the detection of the kaon decay products.