We quantify an unknown mixed quantum state's entanglement by suitable, local parity measurements on its twofold copy. The associated observable qualifies as a generalized entanglement witness.
Like entanglement, quantum discord quantifies the quantum correlations. Unlike entanglement, whose detection is extremely difficult, the quantum discord of an arbitrary bipartite state allows itself to be detected perfectly by a single observable, the quantum discord witness. In particular, we report a single observable whose expectation value provides a necessary and sufficient condition for the vanishing quantum discord of an arbitrary bipartite unknown state with four copies. A quantum circuit is designed to measure the quantum discord witness by using only local qubit-measurements.
We present observable lower and upper bounds of the quantum discord, which facilitates estimates of quantum discord for arbitrary experimental unknown states in finite-dimensional bipartite systems. These bounds can be easily obtained by a few experimental measurements on a twofold copy of the mixed states. Based on our results, we use the experimental measurement data of the real experiment given by Schmid et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 260505 (2008)] to obtain the lower and upper bounds for the experimental unknown state. Furthermore, lower and upper bounds for entanglement of formation can also be obtained as a corollary.