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arXiv:quant-ph/0604190

Multigraded Poincare series for mixed states of two qubits and the boundary of the set of separable states

Dragomir Ž. Djoković

Published Apr 26, 2006• 1 citation
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Abstract

Let M be the set of mixed states and S the set of separable states of the two-qubit system, and G = SU(2) x SU(2) the group of local unitary transformations (ignoring the overall phase factor). We compute the multigraded Poincare series for the algebra of G-invariant polynomial functions on the affine space of all Hermitian operators of trace 1. We check that this series is consistent with the list of invariants computed by Makhlin. By using the recent result of Augusiak et al., we show that the boundary of S decomposes naturally into two pieces. We prove that the part of this boundary which is contained in the relative interior of M is a smooth manifold.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0604190

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Let M be the set of mixed states and S the set of separable states of the two-qubit system, and G = SU(2) x SU(2) the group of local unitary transformations (ignoring the overall phase factor). We compute the multigraded Poincare series for the algebra of G-invariant polynomial functions on the affine space of all Hermitian operators of trace 1. We check that this series is consistent with the list of invariants computed by Makhlin. By using the recent result of Augusiak et al., we show that the boundary of S decomposes naturally into two pieces. We prove that the part of this boundary which is contained in the relative interior of M is a smooth manifold.
In the present paper few steps are undertaken towards the description of the qubit-qutrit pair - quantum bipartite system composed of two and three level subsystems. The computational difficulties with the construction of the local unitary polynomial invariants are discussed. Calculations of the Molien functions and Poincare series for the qubit-qubit and qubit-qutrit local unitary invariants are outlined and compared with the known results. The requirement of positive semi-definiteness of the density operator is formulated explicitly as a set of inequalities in five Casimir invariants of the algebra su(6).
Abstract We calculate the field of rational local unitary invariants for mixed states of two qubits, by employing methods from algebraic geometry. We prove that this field is rational (i.e. purely transcendental), and that it is generated by nine algebraically independent polynomial invariants. We do so by constructing a relative section, in the sense of invariant theory, whose Weyl group is a finite abelian group. From this construction, we are able to give explicit expressions for the generating invariants in terms of the Bloch matrix representation of mixed states of two qubits. We also prove similar rationality results for the local unitary invariants of symmetrically mixed states of two qubits. We also provide a sketch of how to generalize our results to the case of an arbitrary number of qubits. Our results apply to both complex-valued and real-valued invariants.
Local unitary equivalence serves as the cornerstone for classifying entanglement in bipartite quantum systems. Mathematically, it reduces to the study of polynomial invariants of the density matrix under the action of local unitary groups. The collection of all such polynomial invariants forms a ring, known as the invariant ring. However, identifying the complete generators of the invariant ring is the central issue. In 2007, for the two-qubit system, King et al fully characterized the structure of the invariant ring and determined its Cohen--Macaulay decomposition. In this paper, we revisit their work, with a focus on the computation of the Molien series and the construction of invariants. On one hand, we rigorously derive the Molien series via explicit contour integration over the maximal torus, filling in all previously omitted computational steps. On the other hand, we systematically construct all invariants using a graphical method, and then reduce the candidate set by applying various identities and algebraic relations, obtaining a generating set consisting of 21 invariants. This paper aims to make this important result more widely accessible to researchers in quantum information and invariant theory through the above discussions.
We present a complete set of local unitary invariants for generic multiqubit systems which gives necessary and sufficient conditions for two states being local unitary equivalent. These invariants are canonical polynomial functions in terms of the generalized Bloch representation of the quantum states. In particular, we prove that there are at most 12 polynomial local unitary invariants for two-qubit states and at most 90 polynomials for three-qubit states. Comparison with Makhlin's 18 local unitary invariants is given for two-qubit systems.