We develop an entanglement measure by extending Jaeger's Minkowskian norm entanglement measure. This measure can be applied to a much wider class of multipartite mixed states, although still ``quasi'' in the sense that it is still incapable of dividing precisely the sets of all separable and entangled states. As a quadratic scalar function of the system density matrix, the quasimeasure can be easily expressed in terms of the so-called coherence vector of the system density matrix, by which we show the basic properties of the quasimeasure including (1) zero entanglement for all separable states, (2) invariance under local unitary operations, and (3) nonincreasing under local positive operator-valued measure measurements. These results open up perspectives in further studies of dynamical problems in open systems, especially the dynamic evolution of entanglement, and the entanglement preservation against the environment-induced decoherence effects.
We develop an entanglement measure by extending Jaeger's Minkowskian norm entanglement measure. This measure can be applied to a much wider class of multipartite mixed states, although still ``quasi'' in the sense that it is still incapable of dividing precisely the sets of all separable and entangled states. As a quadratic scalar function of the system density matrix, the quasimeasure can be easily expressed in terms of the so-called coherence vector of the system density matrix, by which we show the basic properties of the quasimeasure including (1) zero entanglement for all separable states, (2) invariance under local unitary operations, and (3) nonincreasing under local positive operator-valued measure measurements. These results open up perspectives in further studies of dynamical problems in open systems, especially the dynamic evolution of entanglement, and the entanglement preservation against the environment-induced decoherence effects.
A so-called quasientanglement measure was obtained [J. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. A 73, 022319 (2006)] by extending Jaeger's Minkowskian norm entanglement measure to general multipartite mixed states. The obtained quasientanglement measure has good properties, but it is still left open whether it is nonincreasing under general local operations and classical communications (LOCC). We show that the obtained quasientanglement measure is indeed nonincreasing on average under LOCC at least for two-qubit states. Thus, it is a good candidate for the two-qubit entanglement monotone. Further, it is shown that this entanglement measure is less than the concurrence for a large class of mixed entangled states.
Entanglement, and quantum correlation, are precious resources for quantum technologies implementation based on quantum information science, such as quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum interferometry. Nevertheless, to our best knowledge, a directly or numerically computable measure for the entanglement of multipartite mixed states is still lacking. In this work, (i) we derive a measure of the degree of quantum correlation for mixed multipartite states. The latter possesses a closed-form expression valid in the general case unlike, to our best knowledge, all other known measures of quantum correlation. (ii) We further propose an entanglement measure, derived from this quantum correlation measure using a novel regularization procedure for the density matrix. Therefore, a comparison of the proposed measures, of quantum correlation and entanglement, allows one to distinguish between quantum correlation detached from entanglement and the one induced by entanglement and, hence, to identify separable but non-classical states. We have tested our quantum correlation and entanglement measures, on states well-known in literature: a general Bell diagonal state and the Werner states, which are easily tractable with our regularization procedure, and we have verified the accordance between our measures and the expected results for these states. Finally, we validate the two measures in two cases of multipartite states. The first is a generalization to three qubits of the Werner state, the second is a one-parameter three qubits mixed state interpolating between a bi-separable state and a genuine multipartite state, passing through a fully separable state.
We present two sets of computable entanglement measures for multipartite systems where each subsystem can have different degrees of freedom (so-called qudits). One set, called ``separability'' measure, reveals which of the subsystems are separable or entangled. For that we have to extend the concept of k separability for multipartite systems to a unambiguous separability concept which we call ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{k}$ separability. The second set of entanglement measures reveals the ``kind'' of entanglement, i.e., if it is bipartite, tripartite, \dots{}, n-partite entangled and is denoted as the ``physical'' measure. We show how lower bounds on both sets of measures can be obtained by the observation that any entropy may be rewritten via operational expressions known as m concurrences. Moreover, for different classes of bipartite or multipartite qudit systems we compute the bounds explicitly and discover that they are often tight or equivalent to positive partial transposition.
We present a measure of quantum entanglement which is capable of quantifying the degree of entanglement of a multipartite quantum system. This measure, which is based on a generalization of the Schmidt rank of a pure state, is defined on the full state space, and is shown to be an entanglement monotone, that is, it cannot increase under local quantum operations with classical communication and under mixing. For a large class of mixed states this measure of entanglement can be calculated exactly, and it provides a detailed classification of mixed states.
The interplay of unitary evolution and local measurements in many-body systems gives rise to a stochastic state evolution and to measurement-induced phase transitions in the pure state entanglement. In realistic settings, however, this dynamics may be spoiled by decoherence, e.g., dephasing, due to coupling to an environment or measurement imperfections. We investigate the impact of dephasing and the inevitable evolution into a non-Gaussian, mixed state, on the dynamics of monitored fermions. We approach it from three complementary perspectives: (i) the exact solution of the conditional master equation for small systems, (ii) quantum trajectory simulations of Gaussian states for large systems, and (iii) a renormalization group analysis of a bosonic replica field theory. For weak dephasing, constant monitoring preserves a weakly mixed state, which displays a robust measurement-induced phase transition between a critical and a pinned phase, as in the decoherence-free case. At strong dephasing, we observe the emergence of a new scale describing an effective temperature, which is accompanied with an increased mixedness of the fermion density matrix. Remarkably, observables such as density-density correlation functions or the subsystem parity still display scale invariant behavior even in this strongly mixed phase. We interpret this as a signature of gapless, classical diffusion, which is stabilized by the balanced interplay of Hamiltonian dynamics, measurements, and decoherence.