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arXiv:quant-ph/0511244 · Open Systems & Information Dynamics

On Partially Entanglement Breaking Channels

Dariusz Chruściński, Andrzej Kossakowski

Published Mar 1, 2006• 42 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Using well known duality between quantum maps and states of composite systems we introduce the notion of Schmidt number for a quantum channel. It enables one to define classes of quantum channels which partially break quantum entanglement. These classes generalize the well known class of entanglement breaking channels.
DOI
10.1007/s11080-006-7264-7

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Transmission of high dimensional entanglement through quantum channels is a significant area of interest in quantum information science. The certification of high dimensional entanglement is usually done through Schmidt numbers, which quantify the entanglement dimensionality of quantum states. States with high Schmidt numbers provide a larger advantage in various quantum information processing tasks compared to quantum states with low Schmidt numbers. However, the action of quantum channels may reduce the Schmidt number of transmitted states, thereby degrading their resourcefulness. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of partially entanglement breaking channels which reduce the Schmidt number of bipartite composite systems. From a resource theoretic perspective, it becomes imperative to identify channels that preserve the Schmidt number. Based on our characterization we lay down prescriptions to identify such channels which are non-resource breaking, i.e., preserve the Schmidt number. Additionally, we introduce a new class of quantum channels, termed partially entanglement annihilating channels which reduce the Schmidt number of a quantum state that is a part of a larger composite system. Finally, we study the connection between entanglement breaking, partially entanglement breaking, and partially entanglement annihilating channels.
The Schmidt number of a state of an infinite-dimensional composite quantum system is defined and several properties of the corresponding Schmidt classes are considered. It is shown that there are states with given Schmidt number such that any of their countable convex decompositions does not contain pure states of finite Schmidt rank. The classes of infinite-dimensional partially entanglement-breaking channels are considered, and generalizations of several properties of such channels, which were obtained earlier in the finite-dimensional case, are proved. At the same time, it is shown that there are partially entanglement-breaking channels (in particular, entanglement-breaking channels) such that all the operators in any of their Kraus representations are of infinite rank.
There are processes that cannot generate entanglement but may, nevertheless, amplify entanglement already present in a system. Here, we show that a non-entangling operation can increase the Schmidt number of a quantum state only if it can generate entanglement with some non-zero probability. This is in stark contrast to the case where the parties of a quantum network are only able to control their joint state by local operations and classical communication (LOCC). There, being able to apply operations probabilistically (stochastic LOCC) does not increase the Schmidt number. Our findings show that certain non-entangling operations become entangling when selecting on specific measurement outcomes. This naturally leads us to the class of stochastically non-entangling maps, being those that cannot generate entanglement even probabilistically. Intrigued by this finding, we devise a Schmidt number for quantum channels that quantifies whether a channel can generate entanglement probabilistically. Moreover, we show that a channel is non-entangling if and only if its dual map is witness-preserving -- it takes entanglement witnesses to witnesses. Based on this finding, we derive Bell-like inequalities whose violation signals that a process generates entanglement.
A definition of the Schmidt number of a state of an infinite dimensional bipartite quantum system is given and properties of the corresponding family of Schmidt classes are considered. The existence of states with a given Schmidt number such that any their countable convex decomposition does not contain pure states with finite Schmidt rank is established. Partially entanglement breaking channels in infinite dimensions are studied. Several properties of these channels well known in finite dimensions are generalized to the infinite dimensional case. At the same time, the existence of partially entanglement breaking channels (in particular, entanglement breaking channels) such that all operators in any their Kraus representations have infinite rank is proved.
We consider the composability of quantum channels from a limited amount of entanglement via local oper-ations and classical communication (LOCC). We show that any kkk-partial-entanglement-breaking channel can be composed from an entangled state with a Schmidt number of kkk via one-way LOCC. From the entanglement-assisted construction we can reach an alternative definition of partial-entanglement-breaking channels.
The dimensionality of entanglement, quantified by the Schmidt number, is a valuable resource for a wide range of quantum information processing tasks. In this work, we introduce the notion of the absolute Schmidt number, referring to states whose Schmidt number cannot be increased by any global unitary transformation. We provide a characterization of the set of arbitrary-dimensional states whose Schmidt number is invariant under all global unitaries. Our approach enables us to develop both witness-based and moment-based techniques to detect nonabsolute Schmidt number states which could provide significant operational advantages through Schmidt number enhancement by global unitaries. We next formulate two resource-theoretic measures of nonabsolute Schmidt number states, based respectively on Schmidt number witness and robustness, and demonstrate an operational utility of the latter in a channel discrimination task. Finally, we extend our analysis to quantum channels by introducing a new class of channels that possess the absolute Schmidt number property. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for identifying when a channel has the absolute Schmidt number property, confining our analysis to the class of covariant channels.