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arXiv:quant-ph/0511049 · Optics Express

Quantum efficiency of single-photon sources in the cavity-QED strong-coupling regime

Guoqiang Cui, Michael G. Raymer

Published Jan 1, 2005• 40 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We calculate the integrated-pulse quantum efficiency of single-photon sources in the cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) strong-coupling regime. An analytical expression for the quantum efficiency is obtained in the Weisskopf-Wigner approximation. Optimal conditions for a high quantum efficiency and a temporally localized photon emission rate are examined. We show the condition under which the earlier result of Law and Kimble [J. Mod. Opt. 44, 2067 (1997)] can be used as the first approximation to our result.

DOI
10.1364/opex.13.009660

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We calculate the integrated-pulse quantum efficiency of single-photon sources in the cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) strong-coupling regime. An analytical expression for the quantum efficiency is obtained in the Weisskopf-Wigner approximation. Optimal conditions for a high quantum efficiency and a temporally localized photon emission rate are examined. We show the condition under which the earlier result of Law and Kimble [J. Mod. Opt. 44, 2067 (1997)] can be used as the first approximation to our result.
We derive analytical formulas for the forward emission and side emission spectra of cavity-modified single-photon sources, as well as the corresponding normal-mode oscillations in the cavity quantum electrodynamics strong-coupling regime. We investigate the effects of pure dephasing, treated in the phase-diffusion model based on a Wiener-Levy process, on the emission spectra and normal-mode oscillations. We also extend our previous calculation of quantum efficiency to include the pure dephasing process. All results are obtained in the Weisskopf-Wigner approximation for an impulse-excited emitter. We find that the spectra are broadened, the depths of the normal-mode oscillations are reduced and the quantum efficiency is decreased in the presence of pure dephasing.
We extend an earlier model by Law and Kimble [J. Mod. Opt.44, 2067 (1997)] for a cavity QED based single-photon-gun to atom-photon entanglement generation and distribution. We illuminate the importance of a small critical atom number on the fidelity of the proposed operation in the strong-coupling limit. Our result points to a promisingly high purity and efficiency using currently available cavity QED parameters, and sheds new light on constructing quantum computing and communication devices with trapped atoms, and high-QQQ optical cavities.
We study analytically the dynamics of cavity QED nodes in a practical quantum network. Given a single 3-level ΛΛΛ-type atom or quantum dot coupled to a micro-cavity, we derive several necessary and sufficient criteria for the coherent trapping and generation of a single photon pulse with a given waveform to be realizable. We prove that these processes can be performed with practical hardware -- such as cavity QED systems which are operating deep in the weak coupling regime -- given a set of restrictions on the single-photon pulse envelope. We systematically study the effects of spontaneous emission and spurious cavity decay on the transfer efficiency, including the case where more than one excited state participates in the dynamics. This work should open the way to very efficient optimizations of the operation of quantum networks.
We present experimental and theoretical studies of a hemispherical, high-solid angle external optical micro-cavity strongly coupled to nanoscale optical centers for cavity-quantum electrodynamics (QED) strong coupling and efficient single-photon sources. Implementations of single-photon sources based on various optical centers have been reported in the last three decades. The need for efficient single-photon sources, however, is still a major challenge in the context of quantum information processing. In order to efficiently produce single photons, single optical centers are coupled to a resonant high-finesse optical micro-cavity. A cavity can channel the spontaneously emitted photons into a well-defined spatial mode and in a desired direction to improve the overall efficiency, and can alter the spectral width of the emission. It can also provide an environment where dissipative mechanisms are overcome so that a pure quantum-state emission takes place.
A single atom in a cavity is the model system of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED). The strong coupling regime between the atom and cavity-confined photon corresponds to the reversible exchange of energy between the two modes, and underpins a wide range of CQED phenomena with applications in quantum information science, including for example as quantum logic gates and as sources of entangled states. An important advance was achieved recently when strong coupling between excitons and cavity photons was reported for the first time for localized quantum dots (QDs) in micron-size solid state cavities. This has significance in terms of scalability and integration with other optical devices, and could lead to the emergence of "quantum optics on a chip" technology. However the results presented so far for quantum dots are in the linear regime, corresponding to coupling to the vacuum field (vacuum Rabi splitting); they are not a true QED effect and can equally well be described by classical physics as the coupling between two oscillators. In this paper, we present evidence for a purely quantum phenomenon for the QD/cavity photon system, namely the increase in splitting of the levels when the mean number of photons in the cavity is increased. This corresponds to non-linearities on the single-photon scale: the presence of a single excitation in the cavity changes the level structure, affecting the emission energies for a second photon. Such results are a first step in demonstrating the promise of quantum dots for CQED applications.