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arXiv:quant-ph/0506167 · Physical Review A

Pseudoresonance mechanism of all-optical frequency-standard operation

Georgy A. Kazakov, Boris G. Matisov, I. E. Mazets, G. Mileti, J. Delporte

Published Dec 21, 2005• 45 citations
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Abstract

We propose an approach to all-optical frequency standard design, based on a counterintuitive combination of the coherent population trapping effect and signal discrimination at the maximum of absorption for the probe radiation. The short-term stability of such a standard can achieve the level of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}∕\sqrt{\ensuremath{\tau}}$. The physics beyond this approach is a dark resonance splitting caused by the interaction of the nuclear magnetic moment with the external magnetic field.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.72.063408

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24 In recent years interest has been growing into the fascinating properties of dark resonances. Most of the experiments have been carried out in alkali atoms due to their favourable level structure and the commercially available diode lasers, resulting in numerous applications. Teams from Siena and Sofia developed an all-optical magnetometer based on such dark resonances. The dark-state effect was discovered in 1976 by G. Alzetta, A. Gozzini, L. Moi and G. Orriols [1], while they were working on optical-pumping experiments with a multimode dye laser. They wanted to make the observation of multi-photon radio-frequency resonances in sodium atoms easy, i.e., observable by the naked eye. To this end, they introduced a magnetic field (MF) that was constant in time but spatially inhomogeneous along the laser beam, so as to produce Zeeman splitting of groundstate hyperfine levels (Fig.1a, left). In this way, an applied radio-frequency field was resonant only if it matched the Zeeman splitting. As a result, a bright radio-frequency resonance appeared (Fig.1a, right). During these experiments, besides the bright resonances, a new “dark” resonance was observed, which does not require any radio-frequency field. In the introductory illustration only the dark resonance is shown. The new dark state (DS) effect appears in a position along the laser beam where the frequency difference (ω10-ω20) between two optical frequencies is equal to the frequency splitting ω12 between two Zeeman sublevels (Fig.1b, left). This is the resonant condition for the stimulated Raman transitions between the two longliving ground levels. Theoretical studies described the dark resonance as a coherent superposition of two long-living ground levels prepared by the bi-chromatic laser field, and ‘atomic population trapping’ was introduced, leading to the term Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) [2]. l Luigi Moi1, Stefka Cartaleva2 DOI: 10.1051/epn/2012603

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We propose an approach to all-optical frequency standard design, based on a counterintuitive combination of the coherent population trapping effect and signal discrimination at the maximum of absorption for the probe radiation. The short-term stability of such a standard can achieve the level of 10\ensuremath−14∕\ensuremathτ{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}∕\sqrt{\ensuremath{\tau}}10\ensuremath−14∕\ensuremathτ​. The physics beyond this approach is a dark resonance splitting caused by the interaction of the nuclear magnetic moment with the external magnetic field.
We investigate a novel approach to all-optical frequency standards, based on a combination of the coherent population trapping effect and signal discrimination at the maximum of absorption of the probe radiation. The physics underlying this approach is dark resonance splitting caused by interaction of the nuclear magnetic moment with an external magnetic field. Theoretically it has been shown that this approach under ideal conditions can lead to an important enhancement of the clock stability. Here we present an experimental evaluation of the scheme in view its future application in the domain of vapor-cell atomic clocks. The present results point out that high-performances short-term stability can be obtained only with a high spectral quality light source. In contrast, for our compact and low-consumption setup, the shot-noise limited short-term stability calculated is about 10-12τ-1/2, which is comparable to those presently measured for typical CPT-based atomic clocks.
This paper presents the search for physical mechanisms and on their basis of selective modulation of the optical frequencies in a distribution of multi-frequency laser radiation is one of the most important problems whose solution will greatly expand the capabilities of existing systems DWDM. One well-known physical effects, providing effective selective interaction of optical radiation with a material medium is the interaction of electromagnetic fields with three-level, or Λ systems. In these three-level system is observed fundamental physical phenomenon a coherent population trapping (CPT). One of the first practical examples of the CPT is to stabilize the emission frequency of optical frequency standards for optical bench, which is a resonance of CPT.
Summary form only given. We have performed a series of experiments on coherent population trapping (CPT) in the presence of strong magnetic flux densities up to 1 mT. CPT can be observed in /spl Lambda/-systems where two ground states are coupled to a common excited state by two near-resonant light fields. Effective formation of ground state coherences takes place when the frequency difference of the light fields precisely matches the ground state splitting. This process leads to reduced absorption in the medium and thus reduced fluorescence intensity ("dark resonance") at the optical resonance frequency.
24 In recent years interest has been growing into the fascinating properties of dark resonances. Most of the experiments have been carried out in alkali atoms due to their favourable level structure and the commercially available diode lasers, resulting in numerous applications. Teams from Siena and Sofia developed an all-optical magnetometer based on such dark resonances. The dark-state effect was discovered in 1976 by G. Alzetta, A. Gozzini, L. Moi and G. Orriols [1], while they were working on optical-pumping experiments with a multimode dye laser. They wanted to make the observation of multi-photon radio-frequency resonances in sodium atoms easy, i.e., observable by the naked eye. To this end, they introduced a magnetic field (MF) that was constant in time but spatially inhomogeneous along the laser beam, so as to produce Zeeman splitting of groundstate hyperfine levels (Fig.1a, left). In this way, an applied radio-frequency field was resonant only if it matched the Zeeman splitting. As a result, a bright radio-frequency resonance appeared (Fig.1a, right). During these experiments, besides the bright resonances, a new “dark” resonance was observed, which does not require any radio-frequency field. In the introductory illustration only the dark resonance is shown. The new dark state (DS) effect appears in a position along the laser beam where the frequency difference (ω10-ω20) between two optical frequencies is equal to the frequency splitting ω12 between two Zeeman sublevels (Fig.1b, left). This is the resonant condition for the stimulated Raman transitions between the two longliving ground levels. Theoretical studies described the dark resonance as a coherent superposition of two long-living ground levels prepared by the bi-chromatic laser field, and ‘atomic population trapping’ was introduced, leading to the term Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) [2]. l Luigi Moi1, Stefka Cartaleva2 DOI: 10.1051/epn/2012603