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arXiv:quant-ph/0502131 · Physical Review Letters

Experimental Quantum Secret Sharing and Third-Man Quantum Cryptography

Yu-Ao Chen, An‐Ning Zhang, Zhi Zhao, Xiaoqi Zhou, Chao‐Yang Lu, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Tao Yang, Jian-Wei Pan

Published Nov 9, 2005• 191 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) and third-man quantum cryptography (TQC) are essential for advanced quantum communication; however, the low intensity and fragility of the multiphoton entanglement source in previous experiments have made their realization an extreme experimental challenge. Here, we develop and exploit an ultrastable high intensity source of four-photon entanglement to report an experimental realization of QSS and TQC. The technology developed in our experiment will be important for future multiparty quantum communication.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.95.200502

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Quantum secret sharing (QSS) and third-man quantum cryptography (TQC) are essential for advanced quantum communication; however, the low intensity and fragility of the multiphoton entanglement source in previous experiments have made their realization an extreme experimental challenge. Here, we develop and exploit an ultrastable high intensity source of four-photon entanglement to report an experimental realization of QSS and TQC. The technology developed in our experiment will be important for future multiparty quantum communication.
We present several experimental progresses for advanced quantum communication based on multi-photon entanglement. Quantum secret sharing (QSS) and third-man quantum cryptograph (TQC) shows the advancement in multi-party quantum communication. Quantum error rejection (QER) holds the promise for error-free transfer in long-distance quantum communication. Fault-tolerant quantum cryptography in a decoherence-free subspace (DFS) and quantum-relay-assisted key distribution respectively overcome the difficulties caused by decoherence and photon loss, the two main crucial problems in long-distance quantum communication.
Quantum computing and secure communication have gained considerable interest in recent years, as quantum computing has a potent ability to accelerate certain complex problems, such as factoring problems and discrete logarithms, which are important foundations of traditional computer security. With the rapid development of quantum computers, some secure communication protocols based on certain mathematical problems will face a significant danger, and quantum properties can be used to construct quantum secure communication and quantum cryptography that can achieve unconditional security. Among many topics of quantum cryptography, quantum secret sharing (QSS) is an important and challenging issue that provides scenarios to store highly sensitive, important, and confidential information. In this article, we systematically illustrate the development of QSS and how it operates, as well as its challenging issues and future directions.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS), as a quantum extension of classical secret sharing, uses the basic principles of quantum mechanics to share information safely among multiple parties, providing a new paradigm for information security. As a key foundation for secure multiparty quantum communication and distributed quantum computing, QSS has attracted considerable attention since its emergence. Currently, research in this field includes both classical and quantum scenarios, and continuous progress has been made in both theoretical and experimental aspects. This paper first reviews the current development of QSS for classical information. In this regard, significant and parallel progress has been made in both discrete-variable QSS and continuous-variable QSS. The QSS protocols for sharing classical information, from entangled states to single photons and then to coherent light, have been continuously optimized to better utilize available resources and achieve more efficient implementation under current technological conditions. Meanwhile, round-robin, measurement-device-independent, and other protocols have been steadily improving the security of QSS. Next, one will focus on QSS scheme for quantum secrets, which begins with the symmetry of access structures and introduces basic (k, n) threshold protocols, dynamic schemes that support adaptive agent groups, and symmetric quantum information splitting through entanglement. It further introduces hierarchical quantum secret sharing schemes for asymmetric splitting of quantum information. Considering practical laboratory conditions of quantum states as resources, an overall discussion is conducted on quantum secret sharing with graph states. Afterwards, the design of a continuous-variable scheme for quantum secret sharing is outlined, and entanglement state sharing and quantum teleportation between multiple senders and receivers are introduced. Finally, this review discusses and outlines the future development directions of QSS, thereby inspiring readers to further study and explore the relevant subjects.
With the rise of quantum computing, traditional cryptography is facing serious threats. Secret sharing, as an important primitive of cryptography, is also affected. Because secret sharing is widely used in many fields, researchers have started to explore quantum secret sharing (QSS). QSS uses basic principles of quantum mechanics to provide strong security and can protect against both eavesdropping and malicious attacks. However, most existing QSS studies focus on specific situations and lack the flexibility needed for complex multiparty environments. In this work, we propose a general QSS framework that can be applied to different scenarios. We first design a basic [Formula: see text] QSS protocol, and then extend it to support multiparty communication and dynamic changes in participants. Our security analysis shows that the proposed method keeps strong security, uses fewer resources, and works independently without the need for a trusted third party (TP). This protocol offers a unified solution that can meet different application needs and provides a new approach to handling diverse QSS tasks more efficiently.
Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is an essential primitive for the future quantum internet, which promises secure multiparty communication. However, developing a large-scale QSS network is a huge challenge due to the channel loss and the requirement of multiphoton interference or high-fidelity multipartite entanglement distribution. Here, we propose a three-user QSS protocol without monitoring signal disturbance, which is capable of ensuring the unconditional security. The final key rate of our protocol can be demonstrated to break the Pirandola-Laurenza-Ottaviani-Banchi bound of quantum channel and its simulated transmission distance can approach over 600 km using current techniques. Our results pave the way to realizing high-rate and large-scale QSS networks.