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arXiv:quant-ph/0501011

Contribution from stochastic electrodynamics to the understanding of quantum mechanics

Luis de la Peña, Ana Marı́a Cetto

Published Jan 3, 2005• 12 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

During the last decades there has been a relatively extensive attempt to develop the theory of stochastic electrodynamics (SED) with a view to establishing it as the foundation for quantum mechanics. The theory had several important successes, but failed when applied to the study of particles subject to nonlinear forces. An analysis of the failure showed that its reasons are not to be ascribed to the principles of SED, but to the methods used to construct the theory, particularly the use of a Fokker-Planck approximation and perturbation theory. A new, non perturbative approach has been developed, called linear stochastic electrodynamics (LSED), of which a clean form is presented here. After introducing the fundamentals of SED, we discuss in detail the principles on which LSED is constructed. We pay attention to the fundamental issue of the mechanism that leads to the quantum behaviour of field and matter, and demonstrate that indeed LSED is a natural way to the quantum formalism by demanding its solutions to comply with a limited number of principles, each one with a clear physical meaning. As a further application of the principles of LSED we derive also the Planck distribution. In a final section we revisit some of the most tantalizing quandaries of quantum mechanics from the point of view offered by the present theory, and show that it offers a clear physical answer to them.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0501011

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During the last decades there has been a relatively extensive attempt to develop the theory of stochastic electrodynamics (SED) with a view to establishing it as the foundation for quantum mechanics. The theory had several important successes, but failed when applied to the study of particles subject to nonlinear forces. An analysis of the failure showed that its reasons are not to be ascribed to the principles of SED, but to the methods used to construct the theory, particularly the use of a Fokker-Planck approximation and perturbation theory. A new, non perturbative approach has been developed, called linear stochastic electrodynamics (LSED), of which a clean form is presented here. After introducing the fundamentals of SED, we discuss in detail the principles on which LSED is constructed. We pay attention to the fundamental issue of the mechanism that leads to the quantum behaviour of field and matter, and demonstrate that indeed LSED is a natural way to the quantum formalism by demanding its solutions to comply with a limited number of principles, each one with a clear physical meaning. As a further application of the principles of LSED we derive also the Planck distribution. In a final section we revisit some of the most tantalizing quandaries of quantum mechanics from the point of view offered by the present theory, and show that it offers a clear physical answer to them.
I propose that quantum mechanics is a stochastic theory and quantum phenomena derive from the existence of real vacuum stochastic fields filling space. I revisit stochastic electrodynamics (SED), a theory that studies classical systems of electrically charged particles immersed in an electromagnetic (zeropoint) radiation field with spectral density proportional to the cube of the frequency, Planck's constant appearing as the parameter fixing the scale. Asides from briefly reviewing known results, I make a detailed comparison between SED and quantum mechanics. Both theories make the same predictions when the stochastic equations of motion are of first order in Planck constant, but not in general. I propose that SED provides a clue for a realistic interpretation of quantum theory.
In this chapter, which covers part of the course given at ELAF, a straight-forward procedure is presented that leads from the basic postulates of stochastic electrodynamics to the usual formalism of quantum theory. The theory thus developed is called linear stochastic electrodynamics, to underline that one of its basic features is the (asymptotic) linear response of atomic systems to the background field. The chapter starts with a brief discussion of some open questions in quantum theory and of the possibility to find an answer to them by resorting to the zeropoint radiation field as the source of the quantum behavior of matter. The basic properties of this field are discussed, and a brief enumeration is made of some of the positive results and vital shortcomings of standard stochastic electrodynamics. After identifying the source of these shortcomings in the assumption that the background field is not altered by its interaction with matter, linear stochastic electrodynamics is developed and shown to lead, under certain approximations, to a consistent picture of both matter and field quantization. In the concluding part, it is shown that also the electron spin can be considered to be generated by the interaction of the particle with the zeropoint field; in particular, the two-valuedness of the spin projection is associated with the existence of just two independent states of polarization of the field.
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) has been extremely successful inits predictive capability for atomic phenomena. Thus the greatest hope for any alternative view is solely to mimic the predictive capability of quantum mechanics (QM), and perhaps its usefulness will lie in gaining a better understanding of microscopic phenomena. Many “paradoxes” and problematic situations emerge in QED. To combat the QED problems, the field of Stochastics Electrodynamics (SE) emerged, wherein a random “zero point radiation” is assumed to fill all of space in an attmept to explain quantum phenomena, without some of the paradoxical concerns. SE, however, has greater failings. One is that the electromagnetic field energy must be infinit eto work. We have examined a deterministic side branch of SE, “self field” electrodynamics, which may overcome the probelms of SE. Self field electrodynamics (SFE) utilizes the chaotic nature of electromagnetic emissions, as charges lose energy near atomic dimensions, to try to understand and mimic quantum phenomena. These fields and charges can “interact with themselves” in a non-linear fashion, and may thereby explain many quantum phenomena from a semi-classical viewpoint. Referred to as self fields, they have gone by other names in the literature: “evanesccent radiation”, “virtual photons”, and “vacuum fluctuations”. Using self fields, we discuss the uncertainty principles, the Casimir effects, and the black-body radiation spectrum, diffraction and interference effects, Schrodinger's equation, Planck's constant, and the nature of the electron and how they might be understood in the present framework. No new theory could ever replace QED. The self field view (if correct) would, at best, only serve to provide some understanding of the processes by which strange quantum phenomena occur at the atomic level. We discuss possible areas where experiments might be employed to test SFE, and areas where future work may lie.
Preface. Part I: Prelude. 1. Quantum mechanics and the real world. 2. Quantum mechanics as a stochastic theory. 3. Elements of electrodynamics. Part II: Theme. 4. The zeropoint radiation field. 5. The equilibrium radiation field. 6. Environmental effects through the zero-point field. 7. The harmonic oscillator. 8. Quantum properties of other simple systems. 9. Breakdown of detailed energy balance. Part III: Coda. 10. Linear stochastic electrodynamics. 11. Radiative corrections in linear SED. 12. The wave properties of matter. 13. Stochastic optics. 14. Outlook and some corollaries. Bibliography. Index.
Stochastic electrodynamics (SED) is a classical theory of nature advanced significantly in the 1960s by Trevor Marshall and Timothy Boyer. Since then, SED has continued to be investigated by a very small group of physicists. Early investigations seemed promising, as SED was shown to agree with quantum mechanics (QM) and quantum electrodynamics (QED) for a few linear systems. In particular, agreement was found for the simple harmonic electric dipole oscillator, physical systems composed of such oscillators and interacting electromagnetically, and free electromagnetic fields with boundary conditions imposed such as would enter into Casimir‐type force calculations. These results were found to hold for both zero‐point and non‐zero temperature conditions. However, by the late 1970s and then into the early 1980s, researchers found that when investigating nonlinear systems, SED did not appear to provide agreement with the predictions of QM and QED. A proposed reason for this disagreement was advocated by Boyer and Cole that such nonlinear systems are not sufficiently realistic for describing atomic and molecular physical systems, which should be fundamentally based on the Coulombic binding potential. Analytic attempts on these systems have proven to be most difficult. Consequently, in recent years more attention has been placed on numerically simulating the interaction of a classical electron in a Coulombic binding potential, with classical electromagnetic radiation acting on the classical electron. Good agreement was found for this numerical simulation work as compared with predictions from QM. Here this worked is reviewed and possible directions are discussed. Recent simulation work involving subharmonic resonances for the classical hydrogen atom is also discussed; some of the properties of these subharmonic resonances seem quite interesting and unusual.