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arXiv:quant-ph/0409112 · New Journal of Physics

Persistent entanglement in the classical limit

M. J. Everitt, Terrence D. Clark, P. B. Stiffell, Jason F. Ralph, Adi R. Bulsara, Christopher J. Harland

Published Feb 19, 2005• 18 citations
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Abstract

The apparent difficulty in recovering classical nonlinear dynamics and chaos from standard quantum mechanics has been the subject of a great deal of interest over the last 20 years. For open quantum systems—those coupled to a dissipative environment and/or a measurement device—it has been demonstrated that chaotic-like behaviour can be recovered in the appropriate classical limit. In this paper, we investigate the entanglement generated between two nonlinear oscillators, coupled to each other and to their environment. Entanglement—the inability to factorize coupled quantum systems into their constituent parts—is one of the defining features of quantum mechanics. Indeed, it underpins many of the recent developments in quantum technologies. Here, we show that the entanglement characteristics of two 'classical' states (chaotic and periodic solutions) differ significantly in the classical limit. In particular, we show that significant levels of entanglement are preserved only in the chaotic-like solutions.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/064

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The apparent difficulty in recovering classical nonlinear dynamics and chaos from standard quantum mechanics has been the subject of a great deal of interest over the last 20 years. For open quantum systems—those coupled to a dissipative environment and/or a measurement device—it has been demonstrated that chaotic-like behaviour can be recovered in the appropriate classical limit. In this paper, we investigate the entanglement generated between two nonlinear oscillators, coupled to each other and to their environment. Entanglement—the inability to factorize coupled quantum systems into their constituent parts—is one of the defining features of quantum mechanics. Indeed, it underpins many of the recent developments in quantum technologies. Here, we show that the entanglement characteristics of two 'classical' states (chaotic and periodic solutions) differ significantly in the classical limit. In particular, we show that significant levels of entanglement are preserved only in the chaotic-like solutions.
Recovering trajectories of quantum systems whose classical counterparts display chaotic behavior has been a subject that has received a lot of interest over the last decade. However, most of these studies have focused on driven and dissipative systems. The relevance and impact of chaotic-like phenomena to quantum systems has been highlighted in recent studies which have shown that quantum chaos is significant in some aspects of quantum computation and information processing. In this paper we study a three-body system comprising of identical particles arranged so that the system's classical trajectories exhibit Hamiltonian chaos. Here we show that it is possible to recover very nearly classical-like, conservative, chaotic trajectories from such a system through an unravelling of the master equation. First, this is done through continuous measurement of the position of each system. Second, and perhaps somewhat surprisingly, we demonstrate that we still obtain a very good match between the classical and quantum dynamics by weakly measuring the position of only one of the oscillators.
We explore the quantum-classical crossover of two coupled, identical, superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) rings. We note that the motivation for this work is based on a study of a similar system comprising two coupled Duffing oscillators. In that work we showed that the entanglement characteristics of chaotic and periodic (entrained) solutions differed significantly and that in the classical limit entanglement was preserved only in the chaotic-like solutions. However, Duffing oscillators are a highly idealised toy model. Motivated by a wish to explore more experimentally realisable systems we now extend our work to an analysis of two coupled SQUID rings. We observe some differences in behaviour between the system that is based on SQUID rings rather than on Duffing oscillators. However, we show that the two systems share a common feature. That is, even when the SQUID ring's trajectories appear to follow (semi) classical orbits entanglement persists.
The relationship between classically chaotic dynamics and the entanglement properties of the corresponding quantum system is examined in the semiclassical limit. Numerical results are computed for a modified kicked top, keeping the classical dynamics constant while investigating the entanglement for several versions of the corresponding quantum system characterized by a different value of the effective Planck constant ℏ eff. Our findings indicate that as ℏ eff → 0, the apparent signatures of classical chaos in the entanglement properties, such as characteristic oscillations in the time-dependence of the linear entropy, can also be obtained in the regular regime. These results suggest that entanglement is not a universal marker of chaotic dynamics of the corresponding classical system.
Quantum wave function of a chaotic system spreads rapidly over distances on which the potential is significantly nonlinear. As a result, the effective force is no longer just a gradient of the potential, and predictions of classical and quantum dynamics begin to differ. We show how the interaction with the environment limits distances over which quantum coherence can persist, and therefore reconciles quantum dynamics with classical Hamiltonian chaos. The entropy production rate for such open chaotic systems exhibits a sharp transition between reversible and dissipative regimes, where it is set by the chaotic dynamics.
The quantum dynamics of two weakly coupled nonlinear oscillators is analytically and numerically investigated in the context of nonlinear dissipation. The latter facilitates the creation and preservation of nonclassical steady states. Starting from a microscopic description of two oscillators individually interacting with their dissipative environments, it is found that in addition to energy relaxation, dephasing arises due to the mutual coupling. Using the negativity as an entanglement measure, it is shown that the coupling entangles the oscillators in the long-time limit. For finite temperatures, entanglement sudden death and rebirth are observed.
Entanglement is not only the most intriguing feature of quantum mechanics, but also a key resource in quantum information science. The entanglement content of random pure quantum states is almost maximal; such states find applications in various quantum information protocols. The preparation of a random state or, equivalently, the implementation of a random unitary operator, requires a number of elementary one- and two-qubit gates that is exponential in the number n_q of qubits, thus becoming rapidly unfeasible when increasing n_q. On the other hand, pseudo-random states approximating to the desired accuracy the entanglement properties of true random states may be generated efficiently, that is, polynomially in n_q. In particular, quantum chaotic maps are efficient generators of multipartite entanglement among the qubits, close to that expected for random states. This review discusses several aspects of the relationship between entanglement, randomness and chaos. In particular, I will focus on the following items: (i) the robustness of the entanglement generated by quantum chaotic maps when taking into account the unavoidable noise sources affecting a quantum computer; (ii) the detection of the entanglement of high-dimensional (mixtures of) random states, an issue also related to the question of the emergence of classicality in coarse grained quantum chaotic dynamics; (iii) the decoherence induced by the coupling of a system to a chaotic environment, that is, by the entanglement established between the system and the environment.