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arXiv:quant-ph/0405190 · Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

Use of small-scale quantum computers in cryptography with many-qubit entangled states

K. V. Bayandin, Gordey B. Lesovik

Published Apr 1, 2005• 0 citations
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Abstract

We propose a new cryptographic protocol. It is suggested to encode information in ordinary binary form into many-qubit entangled states with the help of a quantum computer. A state of qubits (realized, e.g., with photons) is transmitted through a quantum channel to the addressee, who applies a quantum computer tuned to realize the inverse unitary-transformation decoding of the message. Different ways of eavesdropping are considered, and an estimate of the time needed for determining the secret unitary transformation is given. It is shown that using even small quantum computers can serve as a basis for very efficient cryptographic protocols. For a suggested cryptographic protocol, the time scale on which communication can be considered secure is exponential in the number of qubits in the entangled states and in the number of gates used to construct the quantum network.

DOI
10.1134/1.1944077

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We propose a new cryptographic protocol. It is suggested to encode information in ordinary binary form into many-qubit entangled states with the help of a quantum computer. A state of qubits (realized, e.g., with photons) is transmitted through a quantum channel to the addressee, who applies a quantum computer tuned to realize the inverse unitary-transformation decoding of the message. Different ways of eavesdropping are considered, and an estimate of the time needed for determining the secret unitary transformation is given. It is shown that using even small quantum computers can serve as a basis for very efficient cryptographic protocols. For a suggested cryptographic protocol, the time scale on which communication can be considered secure is exponential in the number of qubits in the entangled states and in the number of gates used to construct the quantum network.
We propose a multiparty quantum cryptographic protocol. Unitary operators applied by Bob and Charlie, on their respective qubits of a tripartite entangled state encoding a classical symbol that can be decoded at Alice's end with the help of a decoding matrix. Eve's presence can be detected by the disturbance of the decoding matrix. Our protocol is secure against intercept-resend attacks. Furthermore, it is efficient and deterministic in the sense that two classical bits can be transferred per entangled pair of qubits. It is worth mentioning that in this protocol, the same symbol can be used for key distribution and Eve's detection that enhances the efficiency of the protocol.
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Unlike classical bits, quantum bits cannot be duplicated and the quantum-entangled states cannot be identified. This property of quantum information was used to suggest an information-theoretic secure cryptography-quantum cryptography. This paper concentrates on quantum key distribution over a long-distance quantum network, it has many nodes and control centers which are connected by quantum channels. Quantum bits are storage on the quantum control centers and using entanglement states swapping to transfer over large distances between nodes and centers. An eavesdropper will inevitably increase the quantum bit error rate and the legitimate users will detect the eavesdropper and hence not use the key.
An efficient and secure two-way asynchronous quantum secure direct communication protocol by using entangled states is proposed in this paper. Decoy photons are utilized to check eavesdropping; the securities of the protocol are equal to BB84 protocol. After ensuring the security of the quantum channel, both parties encode the secret message by using CNOT operation and local unitary operation separately. The two-way asynchronous direct transition of secret message can be realized by using Bell measurement and von Neumann measurement, combined with classical communication. Different from the present quantum secure direct communication protocols, the two parties encode secret message through different operations which is equivalent to sharing two asymmetric quantum channels, and the protocol is secure for a noise quantum protocol. The protocol is efficient in that all entangled states are used to transmit secret message.
This article presents two efficient cryptographic protocols, based on quantum entanglement, for secure exchange of secret keys. While the first protocol requires storage of entangled qubits, the second protocol has no storage requirements and presents a probabilistic model. We show that there is a tradeoff between security against eavesdropping and the efficiency of the protocol in terms of usable bits available for the secret key. This security parameter s can be varied by the communicating parties based on practical considerations.
Quantum cryptography renders a cryptographic solution which is imperishable as it fortifies prime secrecy that is applied to quantum public key distribution. It is a prominent technology wherein two entities can communicate securely with the sights of quantum physics. In classical cryptography, bits are used to encode information where as quantum cryptography i.e. quantum computer uses photons or quantum particles and photon's polarization which is their quantized properties to encode the information. This is represented in qubits which is the unit for quantum cryptography. The transmissions are secure as it is depended on the inalienable quantum mechanics laws. The emphasis of this paper is to mark the rise of quantum cryptography, its elements, quantum key distribution protocols and quantum networks.