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IEEE International Conference on Advanced Computing (IACC)

Quantum Cryptography and Quantum Key Distribution Protocols: A Survey

V. Padamvathi, B. Vishnu Vardhan, Addepalli V. N. Krishna

Published Feb 1, 2016• 86 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum cryptography renders a cryptographic solution which is imperishable as it fortifies prime secrecy that is applied to quantum public key distribution. It is a prominent technology wherein two entities can communicate securely with the sights of quantum physics. In classical cryptography, bits are used to encode information where as quantum cryptography i.e. quantum computer uses photons or quantum particles and photon's polarization which is their quantized properties to encode the information. This is represented in qubits which is the unit for quantum cryptography. The transmissions are secure as it is depended on the inalienable quantum mechanics laws. The emphasis of this paper is to mark the rise of quantum cryptography, its elements, quantum key distribution protocols and quantum networks.

DOI
10.1109/iacc.2016.109

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Quantum cryptography renders a cryptographic solution which is imperishable as it fortifies prime secrecy that is applied to quantum public key distribution. It is a prominent technology wherein two entities can communicate securely with the sights of quantum physics. In classical cryptography, bits are used to encode information where as quantum cryptography i.e. quantum computer uses photons or quantum particles and photon's polarization which is their quantized properties to encode the information. This is represented in qubits which is the unit for quantum cryptography. The transmissions are secure as it is depended on the inalienable quantum mechanics laws. The emphasis of this paper is to mark the rise of quantum cryptography, its elements, quantum key distribution protocols and quantum networks.
Cryptography is age old technique used for secret communication of messages. Quantum cryptography is providing cryptographic solutions based on laws of quantum physics. Quantum public key distribution is prominent solution using which two parties can communicate securely using quantum physics. Heisenberg uncertainty principle, no cloning theorem and photon polarization are used as basic properties for quantum key distribution. Photons are basic quantum particles and they are quantized for encryption. They are also known as qubits. This paper discusses concepts behind quantum key distribution and how it is secure against eavesdropper and future advances in technology.
Quantum Cryptography is a novel approach to make the information and network world more secure. Unlike classical cryptography, quantum cryptography ensures the security of communication because it is based on the laws of Quantum Mechanics; a branch of physics that deals with the fundamental behavior of matter and their energies to the levels of subatomic particles. These particles and their intrinsic properties such as photon polarization and entanglement allow us to develop an unbreakable system of cryptographic information. Conventionally, the security has been primarily concerned with the secured distribution of secret key carried over an insecure channel. However, in Quantum Cryptographic systems the transmission of secret key is done using aforementioned laws of nature through a secured quantum channel highly susceptible to intrusion detection. Consequently, the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), in conjunction with protocols such as BB84 protocol has emerged as an ultimate modern secured communication system. This article concentrates on briefly reviewing quantum cryptography, some recent developments and reports of its vulnerabilities.
Quantum Cryptography is based on the use of subatomic particles (photons) and their intrinsic quantum properties (photon polarization) to develop an unbreakable system. It is not possible to measure the quantum state of any system without affecting the system. This property provides secure transmission of key between sender and receiver. Quantum Cryptography is a way to combine the relative ease and convenience of key exchange in public key cryptography with the ultimate security of a one-time pad. Quantum techniques for key distribution, the classically impossible task of distributing secret information over an insecure channel whose transmissions are subject to inspection by an eavesdropper, between parties who share no secret key initially. Quantum Cryptography uses the principles of Quantum Mechanics to implement a cryptographic system. The key problem which is solved by using quantum techniques is that of eavesdropping detection. The bits are represented as qubits, physically modeled by photons, and communicated over a quantum channel. The polarization states of photons represent 0's and 1's. Keyword: Asymmetric key, Cryptography, Protocols, Quantum, symmetric key
The application of internet has spiked up in the present-day scenario, as the exchange of information made between two parties happens in public environment. Hence privacy of information plays an important role in our day to day life. There have been incredible developments made in the field of cryptography resulting in modern cryptography at its zenith. Quantum computers are one among them creating fear into security agencies across the world. Solving the complex mathematical calculations is uncomplicated using quantum computers which results in breaking the keys of modern cryptography, which cannot be broken using classical computers. The concept of quantum physics, into the cryptographic world has resulted in the advancement of quantum cryptography. This technique utilizes the idea of key generation by photons, and communicates between peer entities by secured channel. Quantum cryptography adapts quantum mechanical principles like Heisenberg Uncertainty principle and photon polarization principle to provide secure communication between two parties. This article focuses on generation of a secret shared key, later converted into Quantum bits (Qbits) and transmitted to the receiver securely.
Quantum cryptography is a new method of communication offering the security of the inviolability by using Law of Nature.Quantum Cryptography uses different secure communication by applying the phenomena of quantum physics. Unlike traditional classical cryptography, which uses mathematical techniques to restrict eavesdroppers, quantum cryptography is focused on the properties of physics of light for information. Quantum cryptography depends only on the validity of quantum theory, i.e., it is guarantied directly by the laws of physics. This is a different from any classical cryptographic techniques. This paper summarizes the current state of quantum cryptography and provides potential extensions of its feasibility as a mechanism for securing existing communication systems.
Quantum cryptography is an approach toward secure communication by applying the phenomena of quantum physics. As compared to the classical cryptography, quantum cryptography provides more secure communication whose security depends only on the validity of quantum theory. It is an emerging technology in which two parties may simultaneously generate shared, secret cryptographic key material using the transmission of quantum states of light. Quantum cryptography is one of the few commercial applications of quantum physics at the quantum level. The quantum relies on two important elements of quantum mechanics- the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and principle of photon polarization. This paper focuses on the principle of quantum cryptography and how this technology contributes in security of network.