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arXiv:quant-ph/0405083 · Physical Review Letters

Secure Deterministic Communication without Entanglement

Marco Lucamarini, Stefano Mancini

Published Apr 14, 2005• 432 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We propose a protocol for deterministic communication that does not make use of entanglement. It exploits nonorthogonal states in a two-way quantum channel to attain unconditional security and high efficiency of the transmission. We explicitly show the scheme is secure against a class of individual attacks regardless of the noise on the channel. Its experimental realization is feasible with current technology.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.94.140501

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We present a scheme for secure deterministic quantum communication without using entanglement, in a plug-and-play fashion. The protocol is completely deterministic, both in the encoding procedure and in the control one, thus doubling the communication rate with respect to other setups; moreover, the deterministic nature of transmission, apart from rendering unnecessary bases revelation on the public channel, allows the realization of protocols like 'direct communication' and 'quantum dialogue.' The encoding exploits the phase degree of freedom of a photon, thus paving the way for an optical fiber implementation, feasible with present-day technology.
Quantum communication is an important branch of quantum technology. It can safely transmit private information between legitimate parties and its unconditional security is guaranteed by quantum physics. So far, deterministic secure quantum communication without entanglement usually transmits single photons in two-way quantum channels. We propose a deterministic secure quantum communication proposal, and it requires a one-way quantum channel and a classical channel. In our protocol, a sender encodes logical bits by using two conjugate bases consisting of the polarization and time-bin degrees of freedom of a photon and transmits it to a receiver over a quantum channel. Upon receiving this photon, the receiver measures it randomly in two bases and can decode the bit deterministically with the help of the sender. Any attack from eavesdroppers will be detected by the legitimate parties. Furthermore, this protocol can be implemented with linear-optic elements and single-photon detectors.
A novel secure communication protocol is presented, based on an entangled pair of qubits and allowing asymptotically secure key distribution and quasisecure direct communication. Since the information is transferred in a deterministic manner, no qubits have to be discarded. The transmission of information is instantaneous, i.e., the information can be decoded during the transmission. The security against arbitrary eavesdropping attacks is provided. In case of eavesdropping attacks with full information gain, the detection rate is 50% per control transmission. The experimental realization of the protocol is feasible with relatively small effort, which also makes commercial applications conceivable.
A secure quantum deterministic communication protocol is described. The protocol is based on transmission of quantum states from unbiased bases and exploits no entanglement. It is composed form two main components: a quantum quasi secure quantum communication supported by a suitable classical message preprocessing layer. Contrary to many others propositions, it does not require large quantum registers. A security level comparable to classic block ciphers is achieved by a specially designed, purely classic, message pre- and post-processing. However, unlike to the classic communication, no key agreement is required. The protocol is also designed in such a way, that noise in the quantum channel works in advantage to legitimate users improving the security level of the communication.