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arXiv:quant-ph/0402036 · Physical Review A

Entanglement induced by nonadiabatic chaos

Hiroshi Fujisaki

Published Jul 29, 2004• 12 citations
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Abstract

We investigate entanglement between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom for a model nonadiabatic system. We find that entanglement (measured by the von Neumann entropy of the subsystem for the eigenstates) becomes nearly maximum when the system shows ``nonadiabatic chaos'' behavior which was found in our previous work [Phys. Rev. E 63, 066221 (2001)], but the reverse is not necessarily the case.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.70.012313

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We investigate entanglement between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom for a model nonadiabatic system. We find that entanglement (measured by the von Neumann entropy of the subsystem for the eigenstates) becomes nearly maximum when the system shows ``nonadiabatic chaos'' behavior which was found in our previous work [Phys. Rev. E 63, 066221 (2001)], but the reverse is not necessarily the case.
We study the quantum entanglement caused by unitary operators that have classical limits that can range from the near integrable to the completely chaotic. Entanglement in the eigenstates and time-evolving arbitrary states is studied through the von Neumann entropy of the reduced density matrices. We demonstrate that classical chaos can lead to substantially enhanced entanglement. Conversely, entanglement provides a useful characterization of quantum states in higher-dimensional chaotic or complex systems. Information about eigenfunction localization is stored in a graded manner in the Schmidt vectors, and the principal Schmidt vectors can be scarred by the projections of classical periodic orbits onto subspaces. The eigenvalues of the reduced density matrices is sensitive to the degree of wave-function localization, and is roughly exponentially arranged. We also point out the analogy with decoherence, as reduced density matrices corresponding to subsystems of fully chaotic systems, are diagonally dominant.
In a previous essay I argued that quantum chaos cannot be exhibited in models of quantum systems within von Neumann's mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, and that it can be exhibited in models within Dirac's formal framework. In this essay, the negative thesis concerning von Neumann's framework is elaborated further by extending it to the case of Hamiltonian operators having a continuous spectrum. The positive thesis concerning Dirac's formal framework is also elaborated further by constructing a chaotic model of an open quantum system in which an entropy measure is shown to approach its maximum value as time goes to infinity. Having such an entropy measure is a characteristic that is closely connected to chaotic behavior in phase space models of classical systems.
The entanglement and localization in eigenstates of strongly chaotic subsystems are studied as a function of their interaction strength. Excellent measures for this purpose are the von Neumann entropy, Havrda-Charvát-Tsallis entropies, and the averaged inverse participation ratio. All the entropies are shown to follow a remarkably simple exponential form, which describes a universal and rapid transition to nearly maximal entanglement for increasing interaction strength. An unexpectedly exact relationship between the subsystem averaged inverse participation ratio and purity is derived that prescribes the transition in the localization as well.
We study the relation between entanglement and quantum chaos in one- and two-dimensional spin-1∕21∕21∕2 lattice models, which exhibit mixing of the noninteracting eigenfunctions and transition from integrability to quantum chaos. Contrary to what occurs in a quantum phase transition, the onset of quantum chaos is not a property of the ground state but takes place for any typical many-spin quantum state. We study bipartite and pairwise entanglement measures---namely, the reduced von Neumann entropy and the concurrence---and discuss quantum entanglement sharing. Our results suggest that the behavior of the entanglement is related to the mixing of the eigenfunctions rather than to the transition to chaos.
A nonadiabatic transition system which exhibits "quantum chaotic" behavior [H. Fujisaki and K. Takatsuka, Phys. Rev. E 63, 066221 (2001)] is investigated from quasiclassical aspects. Since such a system does not have a naive classical limit, we take the mapping approach [Stock and Thoss, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 578 (1997)] to represent the quasiclassical dynamics of the system. We numerically show that there is a sound correspondence between the quantum chaos and classical chaos for the system.
Entanglement is the fundamental quantum property behind the now popular field of quantum transport of information. This quantum property is incompatible with the separation of a single system into two uncorrelated subsystems. Consequently, it does not require the use of an additive form of entropy. We discuss the problem of the choice of the most convenient entropy indicator, focusing our attention on a system of two qubits, and on a special set, denoted by I.\mathfrak{I}.I. This set contains both the maximally and partially entangled states that are described by density matrices diagonal in the Bell basis set. We select this set for the main purpose of making our work of analysis more straightforward. As a matter of fact, we find that in general the conventional von Neumann entropy is not a monotonic function of the entanglement strength. This means that the von Neumann entropy is not a reliable indicator of the departure from the condition of maximum entanglement. We study the behavior of a form of nonadditive entropy, made popular by the 1988 work by Tsallis [J. Stat. Phys. 52, 479 (1988)]. We show that in the set I,\mathfrak{I},I, implying the key condition of nonvanishing entanglement, this nonadditive entropy indicator turns out to be a strictly monotonic function of the strength of the entanglement, if entropy indexes q larger than a critical value Q are adopted. We argue that this might be a consequence of the nonadditive nature of the Tsallis entropy, implying that the world is quantum and that uncorrelated subsystems do not exist.