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arXiv:quant-ph/0310103

Dynamical symmetries and well-localized hydrogenic wave packets

Zverev, Vladimir, BORIS Y. RUBINSTEIN

Published Oct 15, 2003• 1 citation
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Abstract

A new method for constructing of composite coherent states of the hydrogen atom, based on the dynamical group approach and various schemes of reduction to subgroups, is presented. A wide class of well-localized (Gaussian) hydrogenic wave packets for circular and elliptic orbits is found using the saddle-point method.
DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0310103

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We construct the systems of generalised coherent states for the discrete and continuous spectra of the hydrogen atom. These systems are expressed in terms of elementary functions and are invariant under the SO(3,2)SO(3, 2)SO(3,2) (discrete spectrum) and SO(4,1)SO(4, 1)SO(4,1) (continuous spectrum) subgroups of the dynamical symmetry group SO(4,2)SO(4, 2)SO(4,2) of the hydrogen atom. Both systems of coherent states are particular cases of the kernel of integral operator which interwines irreducible representations of the SO(4,2)SO(4, 2)SO(4,2) group.
We demonstrate a protocol to create localized wave packets in very-high-n Rydberg states which travel in nearly circular orbits around the nucleus. Although these wave packets slowly dephase and eventually lose their localization, their motion can be monitored over several orbital periods. These wave packets represent the closest analog yet achieved to the original Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, i.e., an electron in a circular classical orbit around the nucleus. The possible extension of the approach to create "planetary atoms" in highly correlated stable multiply excited states is discussed.
We study the dynamics of a circular-orbit wave packet1 and find that it has both classical and quantum features. A circular-orbit wave packet consists of aligned, standard hydrogenic eigenstates of maximum angular momentum (l = in = n − 1), superimposed with a Gaussian weighting function. We calculate the uncertainty products in all three degrees of freedom and find that, as the quantum numbers of the constituent eigenstates increase, the uncertainty products tend toward h/2. The classical aspect of the dynamics displays itself during revivals, when a well-localized wave packet travels along a Kepler orbit, obeying the classical equations of motion. Spreading and revivals (including fractional revivals2) of the wave packet, which are manifestations of its quantum nature, are related to the nonlinearity of the hydrogen atom Hamiltonian. We study fractional revivals of the wavepacket in detail.
Majumdar and Sharatchandra recently proposed a set of ``coherent states'' for the hydrogen atom [Phys. Rev. A 56, R3322 (1997)]. These states satisfy some of the typical properties of coherent states, such as, for example, continuity in the parameters. The time evolution of these states is given by the classical evolution of the angle variables, and the expectation values of the quantum observables behave quasiclassically. However, those authors also claimed that, although one does not obtain exactly the same state after a Kepler period, the gross features of their wave packets do not change. We show that this is not correct, and that these wave packets do not remain localized on the classical variables, but spread rapidly over the Keplerian orbit. The localization properties of these states do not improve in the limit of large quantum numbers.
We construct wave packets for the hydrogen atom labeled by the classical action-angle variables with the following properties. (i) The time evolution is exactly given by classical evolution of the angle variables. (The angle variable corresponding to the position on the orbit is now noncompact and we do not get exactly the same state after one period; however, the gross features do not change. In particular, the wave packet remains peaked around the labels.) (ii) The resolution of the identity using this overcomplete set involves exactly the classical phase-space measure. (iii) The semiclassical limit is related to Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization. (iv) They are almost minimum uncertainty wave packets in position and momentum.