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arXiv:quant-ph/0307054

An Electron-Nucleon Double Spin Solid-State Quantum Computer

Long, Gui Lu, Yingjun Ma, Haoming Chen

Published Jul 8, 2003• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

An electron-nucleon double spin(ENDOS) solid-state quantum computer scheme is proposed. In this scheme, the qubits are the nuclear spins of phosphorus ion implanted on the (111) surface of $^{28}$Si substrate. An $^{13}$C atom on a scanning tunnelling probe tip is used both to complete single qubit and two-qubit control-not operation, and single qubit measurement. The scheme does not require interactions between qubits, and can accomplish two qubits without the use of SWAP gate. This scheme is scalable, and can be implemented with present-day or near-future technologies.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0307054

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An electron-nucleon double spin(ENDOS) solid-state quantum computer scheme is proposed. In this scheme, the qubits are the nuclear spins of phosphorus ion implanted on the (111) surface of 28^{28}28Si substrate. An 13^{13}13C atom on a scanning tunnelling probe tip is used both to complete single qubit and two-qubit control-not operation, and single qubit measurement. The scheme does not require interactions between qubits, and can accomplish two qubits without the use of SWAP gate. This scheme is scalable, and can be implemented with present-day or near-future technologies.
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The use of nuclear spins for quantum computation is limited by the difficulty in creating genuine quantum entanglement between distant nuclei. Current demonstrations of nuclear entanglement in semiconductors rely on coupling the nuclei to a common electron, which is not a scalable strategy. In this work, we demonstrated a two-qubit controlled-Z logic operation between the nuclei of two phosphorus atoms in a silicon device, separated by up to 20 nanometers. Each atom binds separate electrons, whose exchange interaction mediates the nuclear two-qubit gate. We prepared and measured a nuclear Bell state with a fidelity of [Formula: see text] and a concurrence of [Formula: see text]. With this method, future progress in scaling up semiconductor spin qubits can be extended to the development of nuclear spin-based quantum computers.
We propose a scalable design for a solid-state spin-based quantum computer. It uses endohedral fullerenes like N@C60\mathrm{N}@{\mathrm{C}}_{60}N@C60​ or P@C60,\mathrm{P}@{\mathrm{C}}_{60},P@C60​, which can be positioned on Si surfaces with a scanning tunneling microscope. Each logical qubit is stored in two physical qubits, corresponding to the nuclear and electronic spins. We discuss the addressing of individual qubits by a magnetic field gradient, and the implementation of one- and two-qubit quantum gates by sequences of radio-frequency and microwave pulses.
Spin is a quantum mechanical property that describes the magnetic orientation of elementary and composite particles such as electrons and nuclei. For spin-half particles placed in a magnetic field, two states with differing energies are defined. Proposals exist for developing a revolutionary kind of computer that encodes bits of information on the states of a simple quantum two-level system - like those of a spin in a magnetic field. These quantum computers exploit the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics in order to perform certain calculations exponentially faster than their classical counterparts. Key to the development of such a device is the identification of potential systems that are suitable for employment as a quantum bit (qubit). This thesis explores quantum bits constructed from the spin states of single atoms hosted in silicon semiconductor devices. Silicon is an exceptional platform for spin-based quantum computing - in addition to being the dominant material in the microelectronic industry, it is also predominantly composed of nuclear spin-zero isotopes, providing very little background magnetic disturbance. The donor-atom phosphorus (31P) is investigated here. It possesses a nucleus that binds an additional electron to its positive charge, providing two distinct spin qubits. Here, several world-first experimental milestones in spin-based quantum information processing are reported. First, the readout of the electron spin is demonstrated in single-shot, using a silicon device which combines implanted phosphorus donors with a sensitive nanoscale electrometer. Then, the electron spin is coherently operated as a qubit by delivering on-chip microwave excitations. Combining the electron spin detection and control capabilities enables a quantum non-demolition measurement of the single 31P nuclear spin. Experiments yield exceptional nuclear readout fidelities - the highest for any solid-state qubit. Through an application of nuclear magnetic resonance, high-fidelity quantum control of the nuclear spin qubit is demonstrated. Finally, a single spin-bearing silicon nucleus (29Si) coupled to the electron spin is detected in single-shot and operated as a qubit. These results, along with the clear pathways identified for improving device performance, illustrate that single-atom electron and nuclear spin qubits in silicon constitute an excellent basis on which to construct a quantum computer.
Nuclear-spin qubit interactions in a heterostructure can be mediated via the bound outer electrons of impurity atoms whose nuclear spins 1/2 are the qubits. These outer electrons, in turn, interact via the two-dimensional electron gas in the quantum Hall effect regime. We devised a quantum computing scheme, based on this mechanism, with qubit separation of order 0.1 µm, attainable with the present-day semiconductor device technologies, and retaining all the gate-control and measurement aspects of earlier nuclear-spin quantum computing proposals.