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arXiv:quant-ph/0306122 · Journal of Mathematical Physics

The moduli space of three-qutrit states

Emmanuel Briand, Jean-Gabriel Luque, Jean‐Yves Thibon, Frank Verstraete

Published Nov 29, 2004• 49 citations
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Abstract

We study the invariant theory of trilinear forms over a three-dimensional complex vector space, and apply it to investigate the behavior of pure entangled three-partite qutrit states and their normal forms under local filtering operations (SLOCC). We describe the orbit space of the SLOCC group SL(3,C)×3 both in its affine and projective versions in terms of a very symmetric normal form parametrized by three complex numbers. The parameters of the possible normal forms of a given state are roots of an algebraic equation, which is proved to be solvable by radicals. The structure of the sets of equivalent normal forms is related to the geometry of certain regular complex polytopes.

DOI
10.1063/1.1809255

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We study the invariant theory of trilinear forms over a three-dimensional complex vector space, and apply it to investigate the behavior of pure entangled three-partite qutrit states and their normal forms under local filtering operations (SLOCC). We describe the orbit space of the SLOCC group SL(3,C)×3 both in its affine and projective versions in terms of a very symmetric normal form parametrized by three complex numbers. The parameters of the possible normal forms of a given state are roots of an algebraic equation, which is proved to be solvable by radicals. The structure of the sets of equivalent normal forms is related to the geometry of certain regular complex polytopes.
The mixed two qutrit system: local unitary invariants, entanglement monotones, and the SLOCC group SL(3,C)SL(3,{\mathbb {C}})SL(3,C)
We consider local unitary invariants and entanglement monotones for the mixed two qutrit system. Character methods for the local SU(3)xSU(3) transformation group are used to establish the count of algebraically independent polynomial invariants up to degree 5 in the components of the density operator. These are identified up to quartic degree in the standard basis of Gell-Mann matrices, with the help of the calculus of f and d coefficients. Next, investigating local measurement operations, we study a SLOCC qutrit group, which plays the role of a `relativistic' transformation group analogous to that of the Lorentz group SL(2,C)_R ~ SO(3,1) for the qubit case. This is the group SL(3,C)_R, presented as a group of real 9x9 matrices acting linearly on the 9-dimensional space of projective coordinates for the qutrit density matrix. The counterpart, for qutrits, of the invariant 4x4 Minkowski metric of the qubit case, proves to be a certain 9x9x9 totally symmetric three-fold tensor generalizing the Gell-Mann d coefficient. Using this structure, we provide a count of the corresponding LSL polynomial invariants using group character methods. Finally, we give an explicit construction of the lowest degree quantity (the cubic invariant) and its expansion in terms of SU(3)xSU(3) invariants, and we indicate how to construct higher degree analogues. These quantities are proven to yield entanglement monotones. This work generalizes and partly extends the paper of King, Welsh and Jarvis (Journal of Physics A, 40(33):10083, 2007) on the mixed two qubit system, which is reviewed in an appendix.
We propose a new approach to the geometry of the four-qubit entanglement classes depending on parameters. More precisely, we use invariant theory and algebraic geometry to describe various stratifications of the Hilbert space by Stochastic Local Operations with Classical Communication (SLOCC) invariant algebraic varieties. The normal forms of the four-qubit classification of Verstraete et al. are interpreted as dense subsets of components of the dual variety of the set of separable states and an algorithm based on the invariants/covariants of the four-qubit quantum states is proposed to identify a state with a SLOCC equivalent normal form (up to qubits permutation).
Abstract In this paper, we use singularity theory to study the entanglement nature of pure three-qutrit systems. We first consider the algebraic variety X of separable three-qutrit states within the projective Hilbert space P (  ) = P 26 . Given a quantum pure state ∣ φ 〉 ∈ P (  ) we define the X φ -hypersuface by cutting X with a hyperplane H φ defined by the linear form 〈 φ ∣ (the X φ -hypersurface of X is X ∩ H φ ⊂ X ). We prove that when ∣ φ 〉 ranges over the stochastic local operation and classical communication entanglement classes, the ‘worst’ possible singular X φ -hypersuface with isolated singularities, has a unique singular point of type D 4 .
A family of N -qubit entanglement monotones invariant under stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) is defined. This class of entanglement monotones includes the well-known examples of the concurrence, the 3-tangle and some of the four-, five- and N -qubit SLOCC invariants introduced recently. The construction of these invariants is based on bipartite partitions of the Hilbert space in the form with L = 2 N − n ⩾ l = 2 n . Such partitions can be given a nice geometrical interpretation in terms of Grassmannians Gr ( L , l ) of l -planes in C L that can be realized as the zero locus of quadratic polynomials in the complex projective space of suitable dimension via the Plücker embedding. The invariants are neatly expressed in terms of the Plücker coordinates of the Grassmannians.