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arXiv:quant-ph/0212073 · Physical Review A

Amplitude and phase representation of quantum invariants for the time-dependent harmonic oscillator

M. Fernández‐Guasti, H. M. Moya-Cessa

Published Jun 11, 2003• 28 citations
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Abstract

The correspondence between classical and quantum invariants is established. The Ermakov-Lewis quantum invariant of the time-dependent harmonic oscillator is translated from the coordinate and momentum operators into amplitude and phase operators. In doing so, Turski's phase operator as well as Susskind-Glogower operators are generalized to the time-dependent harmonic-oscillator case. A quantum derivation of the Manley-Rowe relations is shown as an example.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.67.063803

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The correspondence between classical and quantum invariants is established. The Ermakov-Lewis quantum invariant of the time-dependent harmonic oscillator is translated from the coordinate and momentum operators into amplitude and phase operators. In doing so, Turski's phase operator as well as Susskind-Glogower operators are generalized to the time-dependent harmonic-oscillator case. A quantum derivation of the Manley-Rowe relations is shown as an example.
The Ermakov Lewis quantum invariant for the time dependent harmonic oscillator is expressed in terms of number and phase operators. The identification of these variables is made in accordance with the correspondence principle and the amplitude and phase representation of the classical orthogonal functions invariant. The relationship between the number and phase operators is established through this invariant as the system evolves from one frequency to another. In the specific case where the excitations represent the photon number, these relations are equivalent to the power density transport equations derived in nonlinear optical processes.
We show that, by using the quantum orthogonal functions invariant, we are able to solve a coupled of time dependent harmonic oscillators where all the time dependent frequencies are arbitrary. We do so, by transforming the time dependent Hamiltonian of the interaction by a set of unitary operators. In passing, we show that NNN time dependent and coupled oscillators have a generalized orthogonal functions invariant from which we can write a Ermakov-Lewis invariant.
A systematic way of treating a general time-dependent harmonic oscillator in classical and quantum mechanics is given. By a general canonical transformation in classical mechanics, the time-dependent Hamiltonian can be transformed to a time-independent one (the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant), explicitly separating a total time-derivative term. In quantum mechanics, one can obtain the phase of the wave function straightforwardly from this total-derivative term, together with the corresponding time-independent Hamiltonian. We solve analytically and algebraically the general time-dependent harmonic oscillator driven by a time-dependent inverse cubic force as an example.
Using the Ermakov-Lewis invariants appearing in KvN mechanics, the time-dependent frequency harmonic oscillator is studied. The analysis builds upon the operational dynamical model, from which it is possible to infer quantum or classical dynamics; thus, the mathematical structure governing the evolution will be the same in both cases. The Liouville operator associated with the time-dependent frequency harmonic oscillator can be transformed using an Ermakov-Lewis invariant, which is also time dependent and commutes with itself at any time. Finally, because the solution of the Ermakov equation is involved in the evolution of the classical state vector, we explore some analytical and numerical solutions.
We investigate the relation between the invariant operators satisfying the quantum Liouville-von Neumann and the Heisenberg operators satisfying the Heisenberg equation. For time-dependent generalized oscillators we find the invariant operators, known as the Ermakov-Lewis invariants, in terms of a complex classical solution, from which the evolution operator is derived, and obtain the Heisenberg position and momentum operators. Physical quantities such as correlation functions are calculated using both the invariant operators and Heisenberg operators.