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arXiv:quant-ph/0207166 · Physical Review A

Controllable frequency entanglement via auto-phase-matched spontaneous parametric down-conversion

Zachary Walton, Mark C. Booth, Alexander V. Sergienko, Bahaa E. A. Saleh, Malvin Carl Teich

Published May 29, 2003• 61 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A method for generating entangled photons with controllable frequency correlation via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) is presented. The method entails initiating counterpropagating SPDC in a single-mode nonlinear waveguide by pumping with a pulsed beam perpendicular to the waveguide. The method offers several advantages over other schemes, including the ability to generate frequency-correlated photon pairs regardless of the dispersion characteristics of the system.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.67.053810

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A method for generating entangled photons with controllable frequency correlation via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) is presented. The method entails initiating counterpropagating SPDC in a single-mode nonlinear waveguide by pumping with a pulsed beam perpendicular to the waveguide. The method offers several advantages over other schemes, including the ability to generate frequency-correlated photon pairs regardless of the dispersion characteristics of the system.
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Entangled photons, which may be generated through the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in a crystal with /spl chi//sup (2)/ nonlinearity, have long been in the spotlight for quantum-optics experiments. The generation of entangled photons by quasi-phase matching (QPM) in lithium niobate offers the promise of increased photon-pair production and, with the integration of a waveguide structure, control of the spatial characteristics of the down-converted photons. It turns out that the use of a waveguide structure, in conjunction with periodic poling to achieve quasi-phase matching, offers another critically important feature: the possibility of generating counterpropagating signal and idler photons. We consider the conditions required for generating counterpropagating photon beams and explore some of the unique properties of this source of light using a periodically poled LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguide.
The conditions required for spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a waveguide with periodic nonlinearity in the presence of an unguided pump field are established. Control of the periodic nonlinearity and the physical properties of the waveguide permits the quasiphase matching equations that describe counterpropagating guided signal and idler beams to be satisfied. We compare the tuning curves and spectral properties of such counterpropagating beams to those for copropagating beams under typical experimental conditions. We find that the counterpropagating beams exhibit a narrow bandwidth, permitting the generation of quantum states that possess discrete-frequency entanglement. Such states may be useful for experiments in quantum optics and technologies that benefit from frequency entanglement.
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Summary form only given. Correlated photons are a key ingredient of many experiments testing the foundations of quantum mechanics and in quantum information processing. Many of these experiments harness entanglement by means of the nonclassical interference of photon pairs. A critical issue for such experiments is the mode matching of the photonic wave packets. Spontaneous parametric down-conversion is a well-established and practical method for generating pairs of correlated photons. High visibility interference of photon pairs generated by down-conversion in bulk crystals, a standard source for this type of experiments, can be achieved only by significant spatial filtering, which dramatically reduces the useful fraction of photon pairs. It also reduces the correlations between the presence of photons, thus opening for example the efficiency loophole in tests of Bell's inequalities. Nonlinear waveguides, compared to bulk crystals, offer several advantages as a source of correlated photon pairs. Most importantly, the waveguide structure provides a means to control precisely the spatial characteristics of generated photons, because of the well-defined transverse modes of the guide. in addition, nonlinear waveguides offer both higher pair production rates by utilizing the technique of quasiphase matching, and possibilities for spectral mode engineering.