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arXiv:quant-ph/0105062 · Physical Review A

Controlled entanglement of two field modes in a cavity quantum electrodynamics experiment

Arno Rauschenbeutel, Patrice Bertet, S. Osnaghi, Gilles Nogues, M. Brune, J. M. Raimond, S. Haroche

Published Oct 2, 2001• 248 citations
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Abstract

Using a single circular Rydberg atom, we have prepared two modes of a superconducting cavity in a maximally entangled state. The two modes share a single photon. The entanglement is revealed by a second atom probing the correlations between the two modes after a delay. This experiment opens interesting perspectives for quantum information manipulation and fundamental tests of quantum theory.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.64.050301

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Using a single circular Rydberg atom, we have prepared two modes of a superconducting cavity in a maximally entangled state. The two modes share a single photon. The entanglement is revealed by a second atom probing the correlations between the two modes after a delay. This experiment opens interesting perspectives for quantum information manipulation and fundamental tests of quantum theory.
Summary form only given. We have prepared a single-photon entangled state involving two field modes of a high finesse microwave superconducting cavity, and we have probed its coherence after storing it for a variable time in the cavity. We use the resonant interaction between circular Rydberg atoms and the field. This coupling is stronger than any dissipation rate so that the energy exchange between the atoms and the cavity is periodic (Rabi oscillation). A first atom prepares the entangled field state (writer atom) and a second one probes its coherence (reader atom).
A single circular Rydberg atom is used to prepare in a high quality superconducting cavity a “Schrödinger cat” state, quantum superposition of two coherent fields with different classical phases. A second atom probes the cavity state after a tunable delay. The decay of the quantum correlations between the two atoms reveals the evolution of the field state from an initial quantum superposition into a mere statistical mixture. The time scale of this decay decreases when the separation between the two components increases. This is the first experimental observation of the dynamics of decoherence, lying at the heart of the quantum measurement process.
We have performed multiparticle entanglement experiments with circular Rydberg atoms crossing one at a time a high Q superconducting microwave cavity. Two-level atoms and a zero or one photon field stored in the cavity act as qubits carrying quantum information. Controlled qubit entanglement is produced by the quantum Rabi oscillation coupling the atom to the cavity field. Qubit state superpositions are produced and analyzed by classical microwave pulses before and after the atom cross the high Q cavity, using a Ramsey interferometer arrangement. We have demonstrated the coherent operation of a quantum phase gate and used it to perform for the first time a quantum nondestructive measurement of a single photon. Combining this gate with quantum Rabi oscillations of various durations, we have entangled step by step three subsystems—two atom and one field mode—by a controlled succession of one and two qubit operations. Once some limitations of our experiment are overcome, it will be generalized to larger number of particles, opening the way to the study of even more complex entangled states.
The dispersive interaction between a circular Rydberg atom and a superconducting millimeter-wave cavity creates an entangled quantum state of these two systems. Due to the long lifetime of the atomic levels and of the field, this correlation survives a long time after the atom has crossed the cavity mode. This situation is reminiscent of the EPR paradox, with non-local correlations between two subsystems. A quantum measurement performed on one part of this entangled state yields thus information on the other part.
The interaction of circular Rydberg atoms with a high-quality microwave cavity makes it possible to realize complex quantum state manipulations. The state of an atom can be “copied” onto the cavity. Reversing this operation at a later time with a second atom, we realize an elementary “quantum memory” holding an atomic quantum coherence for a while in a cavity mode. We have also generated two-atom entangled states of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen type. At variance with previous experiments, this one implies massive particles in a completely controlled process. These entanglement manipulations can be generalized to more complex or to mesoscopic systems and open the way to new tests of fundamental aspects of the quantum world.