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arXiv:quant-ph/0104047 · Physical Review Letters

Experimental Demonstration of Four-Photon Entanglement and High-Fidelity Teleportation

Jian-Wei Pan, Matthew Daniell, Sara Gasparoni, Gregor Weihs, Anton Zeilinger

Published May 14, 2001• 574 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate observation of highly pure four-photon GHZ entanglement produced by parametric down-conversion and a projective measurement. At the same time this also demonstrates teleportation of entanglement with very high purity. Not only does the achieved high visibility enable various novel tests of quantum nonlocality, it also opens the possibility to experimentally investigate various quantum computation and communication schemes with linear optics. Our technique can, in principle, be used to produce entanglement of arbitrarily high order or, equivalently, teleportation and entanglement swapping over multiple stages.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.86.4435

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We experimentally demonstrate observation of highly pure four-photon GHZ entanglement produced by parametric down-conversion and a projective measurement. At the same time this also demonstrates teleportation of entanglement with very high purity. Not only does the achieved high visibility enable various novel tests of quantum nonlocality, it also opens the possibility to experimentally investigate various quantum computation and communication schemes with linear optics. Our technique can, in principle, be used to produce entanglement of arbitrarily high order or, equivalently, teleportation and entanglement swapping over multiple stages.
Based on the technique developed in previous multi-photon interferometry, we experimentally combine an entangled four-photon state with a single photon state to achieve the first ever entanglement of five photons in the world. And then making use of this five-photon source, we also demonstrate a novel type of quantum teleportation, called open-destination teleportation. Our experiment result is of great importance in experimental test of some fundamental problems in quantum mechanics, information theory, cryptography, and quantum computation etc. Also our experimental method will greatly promote the study of distributed quantum communication, linear-optics based quantum computation, and experimental test of some fundamental problems in quantum mechanics etc.
Quantum teleportation strikingly underlines the peculiar features of the quantum world. We present an experimental proof of its quantum nature, teleporting an entangled photon with such high quality that the nonlocal quantum correlations with its original partner photon are preserved. This procedure is also known as entanglement swapping. The nonlocality is confirmed by observing a violation of Bell's inequality by 4.5 standard deviations. Thus, by demonstrating quantum nonlocality for photons that never interacted, our results directly confirm the quantum nature of teleportation.
Entangled photons are a crucial resource for linear optical quantum communication and quantum computation. Besides the remarkable progress of photon state engineering using atomic memories (Kimble (2008); Yuan et al. (2008)) the majority of current experiments is based on the production of photon pairs in the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), where the entangled photon pair is concluded from post-selection of randomly occurring coincidences. Here we present new insights into the heralded generation of photon states (Barz et al. (2010); Wagenknecht et al. (2010)) that are maximally entangled in polarization (Schrodinger (1935)) with linear optics and standard photon detection from SPDC (Kwiat et al. (1995)). We utilize the down-conversion state corresponding to the generation of three pairs of photons, where the coincident detection of four auxiliary photons unambiguously heralds the successful preparation of the entangled state (Śliwa & Banaszek (2003)). This controlled generation of entangled photon states is a significant step towards the applicability of a linear optics quantum network (Nielsen & Chuang (2000)), in particular for entanglement distribution (Bennett et al. (1996)), entanglement swapping (Kaltenbaek et al. (2009); Pan et al. (1998)), quantum teleportation (Bouwmeester et al. (1997)), quantum cryptography (Bennett & Brassard (1984); Ekert (1991); Jennewein et al. (2000)) and scalable approaches towards photonics-based quantum computing schemes (Browne & Rudolph (2004); Gottesman & Chuang (1999); Knill et al. (2001)).
Quantum teleportation is one of the essential primitives of quantum communication. We suggest that any quantum teleportation scheme can be characterized by its efficiency, i.e. how often it succeeds to teleport, its fidelity, i.e. how well the input state is reproduced at the output, and by its insensitivity to cross talk, i.e. how well it rejects an input state that is not intended to teleport. We discuss these criteria for the two teleportation experiments of independent qubits which have been performed thus far. In the first experiment (1997, Nature, 390, 575) where the qubit states were various different polarization states of photons, the fidelity of teleportation was as high as 0.80 ± 0.05 thus clearly surpassing the limit of 2/3 which can, in principle, be obtained by a direct measurement on the qubit and classical communication. This high fidelity is confirmed in our second experiment (1998, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 3891), demonstrating entanglement swapping, that is, realizing the teleportation of a qubit which itself is still entangled to another one. This experiment is the only one to date that demonstrates the teleportation of a genuine unknown quantum state.
Quantum teleportation is one of the essential primitives of quantum communication. We suggest that any quantum teleportation scheme can be characterized by its efficiency, i.e. how often it succeeds to teleport, its fidelity, i.e. how well the input state is reproduced at the output, and by its insensitivity to cross talk, i.e. how well it rejects an input state that is not intended to teleport. We discuss these criteria for the two teleportation experiments of independent qubits which have been performed thus far. In the first experiment (1997, Nature, 390, 575) where the qubit states were various different polarization states of photons, the fidelity of teleportation was as high as 0.80 ± 0.05 thus clearly surpassing the limit of 2/3 which can, in principle, be obtained by a direct measurement on the qubit and classical communication. This high fidelity is confirmed in our second experiment (1998, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 3891), demonstrating entanglement swapping, that is, realizing the teleportation of a qubit which itself is still entangled to another one. This experiment is the only one to date that demonstrates the teleportation of a genuine unknown quantum state.