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arXiv:quant-ph/0003039 · Physical Review A

Perturbative expansion for the master equation and its applications

X. X. Yi, C. Li, J. C. Su

Published Jun 16, 2000• 30 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We construct generally applicable small-loss rate expansions for the density operator of an open system. Successive terms of those expansions yield characteristic loss rates for dissipation processes. Three applications are presented in order to give further insight into the context of those expansions. The first application, of a two-level atom coupling to a bosonic environment, shows the procedure and the advantage of the expansion, whereas the second application that consists of a single mode field in a cavity with linewidth $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ due to partial transmission through one mirror illustrates a practical use of those expansions in quantum measurements, and the third one, for an atom coupled to modes of a lossy cavity shows another use of the perturbative expansion.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.62.013819

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We construct generally applicable small-loss rate expansions for the density operator of an open system. Successive terms of those expansions yield characteristic loss rates for dissipation processes. Three applications are presented in order to give further insight into the context of those expansions. The first application, of a two-level atom coupling to a bosonic environment, shows the procedure and the advantage of the expansion, whereas the second application that consists of a single mode field in a cavity with linewidth \ensuremathκ\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremathκ due to partial transmission through one mirror illustrates a practical use of those expansions in quantum measurements, and the third one, for an atom coupled to modes of a lossy cavity shows another use of the perturbative expansion.
We present the complete analytical solution of the cavity QED of a two-level atom and a field mode at zero temperature. It includes both dissipation of the field due to a finite Q value of the cavity and incoherent decay mechanisms for the atom. This analytical solution is provided by a powerful method for treating general master equations that appear in quantum optics. As distinct from the usual approaches we first deal with that part of the master equation which describes the dissipative coupling of the field and the atom to their reservoirs. Rather than using number-state or dressed-state bases we expand the density operator into the eigenstates of the nonunitary parts of the master equation which model the dissipative part of the dynamics. The set of these eigenstates is the damping basis. With the aid of this expansion we find the eigenvalues and eigenstates of the total Liouville operator. The evolution of an arbitrary initial state is then known. We employ these results to give an exact solution of the dynamics of the photon field in realistic experiments with one-atom masers at very low temperatures. It includes detuning, cavity leakage effects, spontaneous decay mechanisms for the atoms, a Fizeau-type velocity distribution for the atomic beam, and a statistical parameter for the probability of the excitation of incoming atoms, covering the limits of Poissonian pumping and of regular pumping. On the same grounds one can treat the one-atom laser, consisting of a single atom which stays in permanent interaction with the field mode and which is continuously pumped by external heat baths.
A dissipating system consisting of two strongly interacting subsystems, each coupled to its respective thermal reservoir is considered. The usual method for obtaining a master equation for the reduced density operator of such a system is to assume the factorization of this density operator in the derivation of the irreversible term, retaining the coupling in the reversible term alone. This approach has the serious limitation that it fails to preserve detailed balance in general and yields an incorrect canonical form for the stationary solution of the density operator. A general approach, based on the introduction of a new interaction picture, is presented. This method is illustrated by applying it to a coupled boson system and to a two-level atom interacting with a single mode of the electromagnetic field.
For a bosonic (fermionic) open system in a bath with many bosonic (fermionic) modes, we derive the exact non-Markovian master equation in which the memory effect of the bath is reflected in the time-dependent decay rates. In this approach, the reduced density operator is constructed from the formal solution of the corresponding Heisenberg equations. As an application of the exact master equation, we study the active probing of the non-Markovianity of the quantum dissipation of a single bosonic mode of an electromagnetic field in a cavity-QED system. The non-Markovianity of the bath of the cavity is explicitly reflected by the atomic decoherence factor.
A straightforward extension of time-dependent quantum-mechanical perturbation theory is made to obtain the equivalent formulae for a statistical mixture of states. The 'master equation' resulting from this procedure is, in its lowest order, the analogue in quantum statistics of the 'Golden Rule' for transition rates and reduces exactly to this form in the limit of pure initial states. The authors give results to fourth order and illustrate their use by applying them to the problem of the resonant interaction of an electromagnetic field and a two-level atom.
We construct generally applicable short-time perturbative expansions for some fidelities, such as the input-output fidelity, the entanglement fidelity, and the average fidelity. Successive terms of these expansions yield characteristic times for the damping of the fidelities involving successive powers of the Hamiltonian. The second-order results, which represent the damping rates of the fidelities, are extensively discussed. As an interesting application of these expansions, we use them to study spatially correlated dissipation of quantum bits. Spatial correlations in the dissipation are described by a correlation function. Explicit conditions are derived for independent decoherence and for collective decoherence.
A perturbative treatment of reduced density operators of quantum subsystems is implemented in the same spirit as Fermi Golden Rule for scattering. Analytic expressions for linear entropy (a measure of purity loss, and in some cases of coherence loss) and for subsystem's energy variations (dissipation) are given. Application to electromagnetic field superposition states in a dissipative cavity is performed. Evaluation of typical field and reservoir time scales (τFτ_{F}τF​ and τRτ_{R}τR​) show that even for small temperatures they are very different. We also indicate the condition on the cutoff temperature above which the decoupling assumption is quantitatively justified.