The wave function $ψ$ is interpreted as charge density, or charge distribution, at each point in space. This is a physical interpretation of $ψ$. The notion of speed can be associated with $ψ$, which leads to the concept of conduction currents and (displacement) convection currents. The charge distribution is the origin of electrical and mechanical sources, potentials and fields. The notion of self potential is essential for defining electrical or mechanical sources. Maxwell's equations are derived from the condition of charge conservation and mass conservation. There are two methods of modelling the mass of a charge: The mass of a charge is its electrostatic energy. The mass of a charge is the energy of the Zero Point Field (ZPF) that interacts with the point charge. It is shown that the two models are related by a simple energy equation for a particle at rest.
The wave function ψ is interpreted as charge density, or charge distribution, at each point in space. This is a physical interpretation of ψ. The notion of speed can be associated with ψ, which leads to the concept of conduction currents and (displacement) convection currents. The charge distribution is the origin of electrical and mechanical sources, potentials and fields. The notion of self potential is essential for defining electrical or mechanical sources. Maxwell's equations are derived from the condition of charge conservation and mass conservation. There are two methods of modelling the mass of a charge: The mass of a charge is its electrostatic energy. The mass of a charge is the energy of the Zero Point Field (ZPF) that interacts with the point charge. It is shown that the two models are related by a simple energy equation for a particle at rest.
Abstract Electricity plays a special role in our lives and life. The dynamics of electrons allow light to flow through a vacuum. The equations of electron dynamics are nearly exact and apply from nuclear particles to stars. These Maxwell equations include a special term, the displacement current (of a vacuum). The displacement current allows electrical signals to propagate through space. Displacement current guarantees that current is exactly conserved from inside atoms to between stars, as long as current is defined as the entire source of the curl of the magnetic field, as Maxwell did.We show that the Bohm formulation of quantum mechanics allows the easy definition of the total current, and its conservation, without the dificulties implicit in the orthodox quantum theory. The orthodox theory neglects the reality of magnitudes, like the currents, during times that they are not being explicitly measured.We show how conservation of current can be derived without mention of the polarization or dielectric properties of matter. We point out that displacement current is handled correctly in electrical engineering by ‘stray capacitances’, although it is rarely discussed explicitly. Matter does not behave as physicists of the 1800’s thought it did. They could only measure on a time scale of seconds and tried to explain dielectric properties and polarization with a single dielectric constant, a real positive number independent of everything. Matter and thus charge moves in enormously complicated ways that cannot be described by a single dielectric constant,when studied on time scales important today for electronic technology and molecular biology. When classical theories could not explain complex charge movements, constants in equations were allowed to vary in solutions of those equations, in a way not justified by mathematics, with predictable consequences. Life occurs in ionic solutions where charge is moved by forces not mentioned or described in the Maxwell equations, like convection and diffusion. These movements and forces produce crucial currents that cannot be described as classical conduction or classical polarization. Derivations of conservation of current involve oversimplified treatments of dielectrics and polarization in nearly every textbook. Because real dielectrics do not behave in that simple way-not even approximately-classical derivations of conservation of current are often distrusted or even ignored. We show that current is conserved inside atoms. We show that current is conserved exactly in any material no matter how complex are the properties of dielectric, polarization, or conduction currents. Electricity has a special role because conservation of current is a universal law.Most models of chemical reactions do not conserve current and need to be changed to do so. On the macroscopic scale of life, conservation of current necessarily links far spread boundaries to each other, correlating inputs and outputs, and thereby creating devices.We suspect that correlations created by displacement current link all scales and allow atoms to control the machines and organisms of life. Conservation of current has a special role in our lives and life, as well as in physics. We believe models, simulations, and computations should conserve current on all scales, as accurately as possible, because physics conserves current that way. We believe models will be much more successful if they conserve current at every level of resolution, the way physics does.We surely need successful models as we try to control macroscopic functions by atomic interventions, in technology, life, and medicine. Maxwell’s displacement current lets us see stars. We hope it will help us see how atoms control life.
Quantum mechanics is defined here as the theoretical framework crystallised at the fifth Solvay Conference of 1927, comprising five postulates: the wavefunction, the canonical commutation relation [x, p] = iℏ, the Born rule, the Schrödinger equation, and the transition probability rule. We present a complete derivation of all five Solvay postulates from purely classical foundations, starting from the directly observable Coulomb field of the electron. The single empirical input is ℏ—measured from pre-Solvay experiments (Planck 1900–1911, Einstein 1905, Casimir 1948/Lamoreaux 1997) without quantum mechanical interpretation, in the same way G was measured by Cavendish (1798) without general relativity. By Einstein’s photoelectric theory (1905) generalized to all electromagnetic fields, the Coulomb field energy is carried in electromagnetic quanta, each carrying both electric and magnetic fields with energy density ϵ0E^2. Lorentz invariance uniquely determines the ZPF spectral energy density u(ω) ∝ ω^3 (Boyer 1969, 1975). The Casimir force measurement gives the total ZPF energy per mode B = ℏ; classical E/B equipartition from Maxwell’s equations gives the electric energy per mode ℏω/2. The central original contribution is the physical justification of the Compton frequency cutoff ωc = mc^2/ℏ: an electron cannot emit an electromagnetic quantum with energy exceeding mc^2, because the residual electron would require negative mass, never observed in nature. By equating two independent expressions for the momentum variance of the ZPF-driven harmonic oscillator—one from the Abraham–Lorentz equation, one from Nelson’s osmotic velocity formula—D = ℏ/2m is derived without any quantum assumption. The ZPF-driven motion is then proved to be Brownian motion in the precise sense of Wiener (1923): all four Wiener conditions are verified from the properties of the ZPF established in Sections 3–4. This answers the question Nelson (1966) explicitly left open: “We do not attempt to give a physical explanation of why the electron should undergo Brownian motion.” The physical explanation is that the electron cannot escape its own Coulomb field. By Itô’s stochastic calculus and Nelson’s theorem, this gives the Schrödinger equation as an effective description valid for timescales Δt ≫ ℏ/mc^2. The transformation ψ = √ρe^(iS/ℏ) linearises the nonlinear Fokker–Planck equation, explaining why superposition holds. All five Solvay postulates emerge as consequences of classical physics plus the single measured constant ℏ. No Solvay postulate is assumed anywhere.
Through studying we investigate the sense of the wave function of the mass and charge the density distributions of the quantum system. According to the protective calculation, a charged quantum system has effective distribution of mass and charging density in space, proportional to the square of the absolute value of its wave function. In a practical interpretation a wave function of the quantum system can be taken as a definition of either a physical field or the ergodic motion of a particle. The main distinction among the ergodic movement of a sphere and a cell lies in the concurrent property a sphere occurs simultaneously in space, while the agosic movement of a cell is spatially separated in time. If the wave function is a physical force, then the mass and charging density are simultaneously distributed in space to the charged quantum system and thus to the gravitational and electrostatic self-interactions of its wave function. This not only contradicts the superposition principle of quantum mechanics but also contradicts the findings of the experiments. Therefore, wave function is not a definition of a physical area, but rather a transient phase of a material.Each moment has a single localized particle with mass and charge, so the wave function is not auto-introduced. Therefore, it has been argued that the classical ergodic model may not correspond to quantum mechanics for determining constant motion of the particles. Based on the negative result, we say the wave function is a random and unsatisfactory explanation of the particles' quantum motion in nature.In this view, the square of the absolute value of the wave function not only gives the particles' potential in certain locations but also the potential where the cell is. The proposed Latest wave-function description offers a natural practical other than orthodox interpretation, and also suggests that the Broglie-Bohm theory and the interpretation of many worlds are incorrect, and the theories of dynamic collapse They are heading in the right direction by accepting collapse of wave function.
In this section a relation which establishes universal parameters of the matter will give us a new model that I call them the model (ρ, m, v) but in this model I will put relations between the parameters of the matter and the wave function and I'm going to explain that they are linking together the wave function plays the role of the wave function of matter and energy at the same time this gives us access to a new aspect that is a relationship of the wave function with mass and density makes it easier for us to exploit other relationships for the new model.
The existence of precise particle trajectories in any quantum state is accounted for in a consistent way by allowing delocalization of the particle charge. The relativistic mass of the particle remains within a small volume surrounding a singularity moving along the particle trajectory. The singularity is the source of an electric displacement field. The field induces a polarization charge in the vacuum and this charge is equated with the charge of the particle. Under dynamic conditions a distributed charge density rho(x,t) is induced in the vacuum. The volume integral of the charge density is equal to the charge of the particle and is rigorously conserved. The charge density is derived from a complex-valued physical field psi(x,t) such that rho(x,t) = |psi(x,t)|^2. The position probability density is equated with the mean charge density. The mean field psi(x,t) for many sample realizations with a given energy E and potential V(x) is the sum of the individual fields. In order for the sum to be non-zero, the components in the spectral decompositions of the individual fields must be spatially coherent. The particle has a spin frequency given by Planck's relation hv = T - V + mc^2, where T is the kinetic energy, determined from the momentum p and V is a quantum potential such that E = T + V is conserved. The instantaneous phase of the spin is given by the phase of exp(ikx) in the spectral decomposition a(k) of psi(x,t). It is spatially coherent, due to the dependence on x. The momentum probability distribution is given by the squared magnitude of the coefficients a(k). The Schrodinger equation is derived by requiring local conservation of mean energy.