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arXiv:physics/9703027 · Physical Review A

Output coupling for an atom laser by state change

G. M. Moy, Craig M. Savage

Published Aug 1, 1997• 46 citations
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Abstract

We calculate the spectrum of a beam of atoms output from a single-mode atomic cavity. The output coupling uses an internal-state change to an untrapped state. We present an analytical solution for the output energy spectrum from a broadband coupler of this type. An example of such an output coupler, which we discuss in detail, uses a Raman transition to produce a nontrapped state.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.56.r1087

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We calculate the spectrum of a beam of atoms output from a single-mode atomic cavity. The output coupling uses an internal-state change to an untrapped state. We present an analytical solution for the output energy spectrum from a broadband coupler of this type. An example of such an output coupler, which we discuss in detail, uses a Raman transition to produce a nontrapped state.
In this paper we present an atom laser scheme using a Raman transition for the output coupling of atoms. A beam of thermal atoms (bosons) in a metastable atomic state is pumped into a multimode atomic cavity. This cavity is coupled through spontaneous emission to another cavity for the atomic ground state. Above a certain threshold pumping rate a large number of atoms build up in the lowest energy state of the second cavity, while the higher energy states remain unpopulated. Atoms are then coupled to the outside of the cavity with a Raman transition. This changes the internal level of the atom and imparts a momentum kick, allowing the atoms to leave the system. We propose an implementation of our scheme using hollow optical-fiber atom waveguides.
Summary form only given. Hope, Savage and Moy have presented a model Hamiltonian for an atom mirror. In conjunction with a Bose-Einstein condensate such a device can model the output coupler for an atom laser. The basic structure of the Hamiltonian is identical to the optical output coupler. A cavity mode at a particular wavevector is coupled to a set of output modes over a range of wavevectors. The difference is that the parameter in the Hamiltonian which would be the frequency in the optical case is the square of the wavevector for atoms. This has the consequence that the cavity mode is only coupled to one of the two superposition (sum and difference) modes of the output. We present a Fano diagonalisation of this output coupler model. The Hamiltonian can be expressed in terms of the diagonal operators together with operators representing a bound mode. This mode appears when the coupling is strong compared to the energy of the cavity mode. Any states of the bound mode represent excitations which will not propagate out of the cavity. We give the criterion for the existence of the mode in the cases where the interaction strengths are real and complex.
We present results on a Raman laser-system that resonantly drives a closed two-photon transition between two levels in different hyperfine ground states of (87)Rb. The coupler is based on a novel optical design for producing two phase-coherent optical beams to drive a Raman transition. Operated as an outcoupler, it produces an atom laser in a single internal atomic state, with the lower divergence and increased brightness typical of a Raman outcoupler. Due to the optical nature of the outcoupling, the two-state outcoupler is an ideal candidate for transferring photon correlations onto atom-laser beams. As our laser system couples just two hyperfine ground states, it has also been used as an internal state beamsplitter, taking the next major step towards free space Ramsey interferometry with an atom laser.
We demonstrate a continuous output coupler for magnetically trapped atoms. Over a period of up to 100 ms, a collimated and monoenergetic beam of atoms is continuously extracted from a Bose-Einstein condensate. The intensity and kinetic energy of the output beam of this atom laser are controlled by a weak rf field that induces spin flips between trapped and untrapped states. Furthermore, the output coupler is used to perform a spectroscopic measurement of the condensate, which reveals the spatial distribution of the magnetically trapped condensate and allows manipulation of the condensate on a micrometer scale.
An output coupling of a magnetically trapped two-species Fermi gas to a untrapped species is considered which can be implemented using rf or optical Raman transitions. The process can be used to produce an intense output beam of fermionic atoms once the device reaches a threshold in the zero-temperature case. For finite temperatures there is no threshold, as the output current grows smoothly. This behavior, which is reminiscent of conventional optical and cavity-QED lasers, suggests the name fermionic atom laser for this device.