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arXiv:physics/0703131 · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Testing the distance-dependence of the van der Waals interaction between an atom and a surface through spectroscopy in a vapor nanocell

Athanasios Laliotis, Isabelle Maurin, P. Todorov, I. Hamdi, G. Dutier, Alexander Yarovitski, Solomon M. Saltiel, M.–P. Gorza, M. Fichet, M. Ducloy, Daniel Bloch

Published Mar 2, 2007• 9 citations
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Abstract

This paper presents our current measurements in a vapor nanocell aiming at a test of the distance-dependence of the atom-surface interaction, when simple asymptotic descriptions may turn to be not valid. A state-of-the-art of atom-surface interaction measurements is provided as an introduction, along with the comparison with the theory of the van der Waals (or Casimir-Polder) interaction; it is followed by a presentation of the most salient features of nanocell spectroscopy.

DOI
10.1117/12.726798

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This paper presents our current measurements in a vapor nanocell aiming at a test of the distance-dependence of the atom-surface interaction, when simple asymptotic descriptions may turn to be not valid. A state-of-the-art of atom-surface interaction measurements is provided as an introduction, along with the comparison with the theory of the van der Waals (or Casimir-Polder) interaction; it is followed by a presentation of the most salient features of nanocell spectroscopy.
We demonstrate a method for measuring atom-surface interactions using transmission spectroscopy of thermal vapors confined in a wedged nanocell. The wedged shape of the cell allows complementary measurements of both the bulk atomic vapor and atoms close to surfaces experiencing strong van der Waals atom-surface interaction. These are used to tightly constrain the dipole-dipole collisional parameters of a theoretical model for transmission spectra that accounts for atom-surface interactions, cavity effects, collisions with the surface of the cell, and atomic motion. We illustrate this method on a cesium vapor in a sapphire cell, demonstrating that even the weakest of the van der Waals atom-surface interaction coefficients---for ground-state alkali atom transitions---can be determined with a very good precision. This result paves the way towards a precise quantitative characterization of atom-surface interactions in a wide range of atom-based nanodevices.
The van der Waals atom-surface attraction, scaling as C 3 z −3 for z the atom-surface distance, is expected to be valid in the distance range 1–1000 nm, covering 8–10 orders of magnitudes in the interaction energy. A Cs vapour nanocell allows us to analyze the spectroscopic modifications induced by the atom-surface attraction on the 6 P 3/2 → 6 D 5/2 transition. The measured C 3 value is found to be independent of the thickness in the explored range 40–130 nm, and is in agreement with an elementary theoretical prediction. We also discuss the specific interest of exploring short distances and large interaction energy.
The modification of quantum fluctuations by a surface of finite reflectivity shifts the energy levels of atoms and changes their radiative properties (Casimir-Polder effect). At nanometric distances away from a surface (near field), the Casimir-Polder energy shift is given by −C3/z3 (where C3 is the van der Waals coefficient and z is the atom-surface distance) corresponding to the interaction of the fluctuating atomic dipole with its surface induced image. Near field Rydberg-surface interactions are of fundamental interest because the atomic size, scaling as n∗2 (where n∗ is the principle quantum number corrected by the quantum defect), is no longer negligible compared to the atom-surface separation, z. In this case, the dipole approximation, (−C3/z3 law of interaction), is no longer valid and higher-order terms, corresponding to the interaction of the fluctuation quadrupole with its own image, need to be taken into account. Quadrupole interaction terms in the atom-surface interaction manifest themselves with a novel distance dependence of z5 that has not been experimentally investigated yet1. Casimir-Polder experiments were first performed with low-lying Rydberg states (n= 10-14), demonstrating the −C3/z3 law of interaction2. Nevertheless, more recent experiments with high-lying rubidium Rydbergs (n=32-43)3 were not in agreement with Casimir-Polder theory thus highlighting the need for further experimental studies.
Since the recent realization of extremely thin vapour cells (local thickness: 20-1000 nm), we investigate the optical properties of these 1-D confined vapours. Aside from their interest for Doppler-free spectroscopy, nanocells offer a new tool to evaluate collisional shift and broadening, yielding an access to the open problem of collisions under confinement. It also allows probing of the atom-surface interaction in a range of unusual short distances. The experimental exploration of the distance dependence, normally evolving according to the z −3 van der Waals (vW) dependence ( z : the atom-surface distance), is worth doing because it could be affected by imperfections of the real surface, such as roughness, adsorbed impurities or charges. A detailed lineshape analysis is now under progress, with tight constraints imposed to the fitting by the twin information brought by simultaneous reflection and transmission spectra. Another issue is a possible resonant enhancement, susceptible to induce a repulsive vW, due to the coupling between atom excitation and a surface mode.
This chapter deals with atom-wall interaction occurring in the "long-range" regime (typical distances: 1-1000 nm), when the electromagnetic fluctuations of an isolated atom are modified by the vicinity with a surface. Various regimes of interaction are discussed in an Introductory part, from Cavity Quantum ElectroDynamics modifications of the spontaneous emission, to Casimir effect, with emphasis on the atom-surface van der Waals interaction, characterized as a near-field interaction governed by a z-3 dependence. The major part of the Chapter focuses on the experimental measurements of this van der Waals interaction, reviewing various recent techniques, and insists upon optical techniques, and notably selective reflection spectroscopy which is particularly well-suited when excited atoms are considered. A review of various experiments illustrates the specific effects associated with a resonant coupling between the atomic excitation and surface modes, from van der Waals repulsion to surface-induced resonant transfer, and with anisotropy effects, including metastability transfer induced by a quadrupole contribution in the interaction. The effects of a thermal excitation of the surface -with a possible remote energy transfer to an atom-, and of interaction with nanobodies -which are intrinsically non planar- are notably discussed among the prospects.