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arXiv:physics/0503120

Realization of a Laser Cooled Microwave Power Standard

David C. Paulusse, Nelson L. Rowell, A. Michaud

Published Mar 15, 2005• 0 citations
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Abstract

We demonstrate the feasibility of a novel microwave power standard based on the electromagnetic interaction with laser-cooled atoms. Under the effect of the radiation, the internal state populations undergo a Rabi flopping oscillation. Measurement of the oscillation frequency allows the determination of the electromagnetic field strength. The measurements are made over a dynamic range of 18 dB and the standard deviation of the measurements is about 0.3%. The field strength was linear with the Rabi frequency within the accuracy of our measurements.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.physics/0503120

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We demonstrate the feasibility of a novel microwave power standard based on the electromagnetic interaction with laser-cooled atoms. Under the effect of the radiation, the internal state populations undergo a Rabi flopping oscillation. Measurement of the oscillation frequency allows the determination of the electromagnetic field strength. The measurements are made over a dynamic range of 18 dB and the standard deviation of the measurements is about 0.3%. The field strength was linear with the Rabi frequency within the accuracy of our measurements.
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Quantum-mechanics-based measurement of microwave magnetic field strength has been suggested and has attracted considerable research interest. Such measurements exploit the fact that the Rabi frequency, which indicates the degree of combination between atoms and microwaves, is proportional to the magnetic field strength of the microwaves interacting with the atoms. This new method is expected to facilitate realization of a quantum-based electromagnetic sensor that minimally perturbs the microwaves, being both nonmetal and wireless. This paper demonstrates measurement of the microwave magnetic field strength at a 9.2-GHz frequency using the Rabi frequency of cesium-133 atoms. The microwaves are radiated from a horn antenna.
Quantum sensing of microwave power has attracted increasing attention due to its various potential advantages. Recently we have demonstrated a quantum-based microwave attenuation measurement based on Rabi frequency, i.e., Rabi attenuation, using a cesium atomic vapor cell inserted in a rectangular waveguide. This paper reports on the optimization of the Rabi frequency measurement to improve the accuracy and dynamic range of the Rabi attenuation. As the first step in the optimization process, we reduced microwave detuning by carefully determining the resonant frequency. We also improved the method to determine the Rabi frequency. Consequently, we found that the Rabi attenuation corresponding to the change in power of the microwave signal generator was two orders less uncertain and one order more linear than in the previous study. These results pave the way for realizing a next-generation quantum-based attenuation standard with greater accuracy and broader dynamic range by further improving the Rabi attenuation.
In this work, the theoretical and measurement results have been reported of microwave E-field sensing using an atomic spectroscopy instead of conventional methods (using antennae) under practice till date. This method is based on interaction of microwave with the Rb atoms excited to the Rydberg states by using two laser beams. This significantly new technique may get accepted internationally as a new primary standard for accurate and precise measurements of various Radio-Frequency parameters such as E-field, power, radiation pressure etc as it provides traceability to physical constants and SI units. The atomic model is also studied theoretically and Optical Bloch equations of the same are reported. It has been shown that microwave E-field strength is measured by studying the frequency difference between the peaks in laser transmission curve. The ability of atoms to sense E-field is shown by varying the power and distance of the antenna from atomic cell. In addition, results are shown for weak RF field detection by detuning the RF field by MHz order.