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arXiv:physics/0309123

Superluminal Phenomena as Instantaneous Transferring of Excitations in Correspondence with the Wigner Principle of Causality

M.E. Perel'man

Published Sep 30, 2003• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

It is shown that the transferring of light signal faster-than-c can take place exclusively as the instantaneous quantum tunneling. Its extent (space size of instanton) must be inversely relative to lack of energy till nearest stable or resonant state. ''Superluminality'' leads to nonlocality ''in small'', in a near field zone, and can be described by 4-vector $A_μ$, the $\mathbf{E}$ and $\mathbf{H}$ fields remain local. These assertions are proven, independently, in the frameworks of general field theory and by the theory of time duration of scattering, with taking into account the entropy growing. They are correlated with peculiarities of tunneling and frustrated total reflection. The results correspond to the Wigner formulation of causality: ''The scattered wave cannot escape a scatterer before the initial wave reaches it'' and are conformed to experimental data on superluminal transferring.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.physics/0309123

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It is shown that the transferring of light signal faster-than-c can take place exclusively as the instantaneous quantum tunneling. Its extent (space size of instanton) must be inversely relative to lack of energy till nearest stable or resonant state. ''Superluminality'' leads to nonlocality ''in small'', in a near field zone, and can be described by 4-vector AμA_μAμ​, the E\mathbf{E}E and H\mathbf{H}H fields remain local. These assertions are proven, independently, in the frameworks of general field theory and by the theory of time duration of scattering, with taking into account the entropy growing. They are correlated with peculiarities of tunneling and frustrated total reflection. The results correspond to the Wigner formulation of causality: ''The scattered wave cannot escape a scatterer before the initial wave reaches it'' and are conformed to experimental data on superluminal transferring.
Abstract The observation of superluminal transmission of photons created discussions of their reality and significance. To analyze the possibility of such phenomena in general, the most general method is employed based on the covariant theory of dispersion relations. It is shown that superluminal phenomena can only be realized as tunneling of excitations within the near field zone. On this basis, the main experimental data can be described as sequential processes of single photon scattering. Their temporal distribution is estimated by taking into account the scattering time. Thus, the difference is explained between the advance of the superluminal part of the light pulse (i.e., the transition time of single photons) and the signal velocity of the macroscopic pulse of light.
The notion of Einstein causality, i.e. the limiting role of the velocity of light in the transmission of signals, is discussed. We show that under quite general assumptions instantaneous spreading of particle localization occurs in quantum theory, relativistic or not, with fields or without. We discuss if this affects Einstein causality. It is also pointed out that the controversy about recent experiments of Nimtz and coworkers reporting superluminal signal velocities in micro-wave tunneling arise from an indiscriminate use of terminology and that the experimental results are in full agreement with Einstein causality in its ordinary sense.
We understand emergent quantum mechanics in the sense that quantum mechanics describes processes of physical emergence relating an assumed sub-quantum physics to macroscopic boundary conditions. The latter can be shown to entail top-down causation, in addition to usual bottom-up scenarios. With this example it is demonstrated that definitions of "realism" in the literature are simply too restrictive. A prevailing manner to define realism in quantum mechanics is in terms of pre-determination independent of the measurement. With our counter-example, which actually is ubiquitous in emergent, or self-organizing, systems, we argue for realism without pre-determination . We refer to earlier results of our group showing how the guiding equation of the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation can be derived from a theory with classical ingredients only. Essentially, this corresponds to a "quantum mechanics without wave functions" in ordinary 3-space, albeit with nonlocal correlations. This, then, leads to the central question of how to deal with the nonlocality problem in a relativistic setting. We here show that a basic argument discussing the allegedly paradox time ordering of events in EPR-type two-particle experiments falls short of taking into account the contextuality of the experimental setup. Consequently, we then discuss under which circumstances (i.e. physical premises) superluminal information transfer (but not signaling) may be compatible with a Lorentz-invariant theory. Finally, we argue that the impossibility of superluminal signaling - despite the presence of superluminal information transfer - is not the result of some sort of conspiracy (á la "Nature likes to hide"), but the consequence of the impossibility to exactly reproduce in repeated experimental runs a state's preparation, or of the no-cloning theorem, respectively.
It is argued that the photon tunneling process originates in an inability to localize photons completely in space. Seen in this perspective, optical tunneling experiments might allow one to obtain rich information on the photon localizability problem, that until now has been studied mainly theoretically. A rigorous analysis of the electrodynamics in the near-field zone of matter enables us to identify the transverse vector field and subsequently to use it to construct a first-quantized space–time theory for the photon birth process and to determine the source region of the photon. The present theory shows that optical tunneling never appears outside the photon’s source domain, and it is shown that an apparently superluminal response occurs as a consequence of the lack of complete photon localizability. No fundamental velocity is attached to this effect, which stems solely from quantum nonlocality. Starting from the Riemann–Silberstein vectors, which permit the introduction of a space–time description of a free polychromatic photon’s so-called energy wave function, a theoretical investigation of the near-field scattering of a single photon from a mesoscopic or microscopic (molecular, atomic) particle is presented. Inasmuch as the photon tunneling phenomenon appears to be an indispensable part of the near-field scattering process, it might be possible to establish a rigorous first-quantized theory of one-photon tunneling between macroscopic molecular solids by adding the tunneling contributions from the individual molecules.
Two statements in physics are frequently conflated: that nothing can travel faster than light, and that two entangled particles behave as if "instantaneously" connected regardless of their separation. This paper addresses both questions together: whether a faster-than-light particle could exist and, if so, whether it would count as matter; and whether quantum entanglement actually violates the light-speed limit. Starting from the energy–velocity relation of special relativity, it is shown that massive particles cannot reach the speed of light, and the properties of hypothetical tachyons (imaginary mass, absence of a rest frame and violation of causality) are examined. Using the singlet state, the non-separability, reduced state and correlation properties of entanglement are derived, and the quantum violation of the CHSH inequality up to 2√2 is computed. Finally, via the no-signaling theorem, it is shown that entanglement produces non-local correlations without permitting superluminal communication. In conclusion, nature accommodates non-local correlations without allowing any object to travel faster than light.
The field of scalar and vector potentials in electrodynamics is shown to represent an informational field capable of superluminally transmitting a signal (information) with no energy and momentum transfer. This conclusion strictly follows from Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic field interacting with electric charges and currents in vacuum, without resort to any additional hypotheses. That superluminal communication is possible is seen from the fact that the own field, generated by particles and inseparable from them, transforms the environment into a special physical medium which is capable to instantaneously transfer a signal (information) about any changes, happening to a particle in the region of its basic localization, to arbitrarily large distances. The phenomenon of superluminal communication is caused by the non-local connection of scalar and vector potentials with the electric and magnetic field strengths. The basis for the mechanism of superluminal communication considered in this work is the Aharonov-Bohm effect indicative of the field of electromagnetic potentials as a real physical field, which directly influences the behaviour of electron waves. The conclusion is made that in quantum systems superluminal signals occur constantly, in any quantum processes. The occurrence of superluminal signals is due to the space-time symmetry breaking of a special kind, consisting in that the equations for potentials do not possess relativistic invariance though Maxwell's equations for the field strengths are Lorentz-invariant. The results presented do not contradict the physical principles underlying special relativity and confirm the fundamental conclusion, made for the first time by de Broglie, that gauge invariance is not an absolute law in physics