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arXiv:nucl-th/9906082

The Canonical Nuclear Many-Body Problem as a Rigorous Effective Theory

W. C. Haxton, C.-L. Song

Published Jun 27, 1999• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The shell model is the standard tool for addressing the canonical nuclear many-body problem of nonrelativistic nucleons interacting through a static potential. We discuss several of the uncontrolled approximations that are made in this model to motivate a different approach, one based on an exact solution of the Bloch-Horowitz equation. We argue that the necessary self-consistent solutions of this equation can be obtained efficiently by a Green's function expansion based on the Lanczos algorithm. The resulting effective theory is carried out for the simplest nuclei, d and 3He, using realistic NN interactions such as the Argonne v18 and Reid93 potentials, in order to contrast the results with the shell model. We discuss the wave function normalization, the evolution of the wave function as the "shell model" space is varied, and the magnetic elastic effective operator. The numerical results show a simple renormalization group behavior that differs from effective field theory treatments of the two- and three-body problems. The likely origin of this scaling is discussed.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/9906082

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This review aims at a critical discussion of the interplay between effective interactions derived from various many-body approaches and spectroscopic data extracted from large scale shell-model studies. To achieve this, our many-body scheme starts with the free nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction, typically modelled on various meson exchanges. The NN interaction is in turn renormalized in order to derive an effective medium dependent interaction. The latter is in turn used in shell-model calculations of selected nuclei. We also describe how to sum up the parquet class of diagrams and present initial uses of the effective interactions in coupled cluster many-body theory.

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The shell model is the standard tool for addressing the canonical nuclear many-body problem of nonrelativistic nucleons interacting through a static potential. We discuss several of the uncontrolled approximations that are made in this model to motivate a different approach, one based on an exact solution of the Bloch-Horowitz equation. We argue that the necessary self-consistent solutions of this equation can be obtained efficiently by a Green's function expansion based on the Lanczos algorithm. The resulting effective theory is carried out for the simplest nuclei, d and 3He, using realistic NN interactions such as the Argonne v18 and Reid93 potentials, in order to contrast the results with the shell model. We discuss the wave function normalization, the evolution of the wave function as the "shell model" space is varied, and the magnetic elastic effective operator. The numerical results show a simple renormalization group behavior that differs from effective field theory treatments of the two- and three-body problems. The likely origin of this scaling is discussed.
The shell model solve the nuclear many-body problem in a restricted model space and takes into account the restricted nature of the space by using effective interactions and operators. In this paper two different methods for generating the effective interactions are considered. One is based on a partial solution of the Schrodinger equation (Bloch-Horowitz or the Feshbach projection formalism) and other on linear algebra (Lee-Suzuki). The two methods are derived in a parallel manner so that the difference and similarities become apparent. The connections with the renormalization group are also pointed out.
The shell model solves the nuclear many-body problem in a restricted model space and takes into account the restricted nature of the space by using effective interactions and operators. In this paper two different methods for generating the effective interactions are considered. One is based on a partial solution of the Schrödinger equation (Bloch-Horowitz or the Feshbach projection formalism) and other on linear algebra (Lee-Suzuki). The two methods are derived in a parallel manner so that the difference and similarities become apparent. The connections with the renormalization group are also pointed out.
We consider two nonperturbative methods originally used to derive shell model effective interactions in nuclei. These methods have been applied to the two nucleon sector to obtain an energy independent effective interaction V_{low k}, which preserves the low momentum half-on-shell T matrix and the deuteron pole, with a sharp cutoff imposed on all intermediate state momenta. We show that V_{low k} scales with the cutoff precisely as one expects from renormalization group arguments. This result is a step towards reformulating traditional model space many-body calculations in the language of effective field theories and the renormalization group. The numerical scaling properties of V_{low k} are observed to be in excellent agreement with our exact renormalization group equation.
In this work a unitary correlation operator is presented that explicitly describes the short-ranged central and tensor correlations in the nuclear many-body system. These short-ranged correlations are induced by the repulsive core and the pronounced tensor force of realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions and cannot be described by the simple many-body states of a mean-field or shell model approach. The unitary correlation operator is discussed for the Argonne V18 and the Bonn-A interactions. Applying the correlation operator onto the Hamiltonian a common effective interaction for low momenta is obtained. Calculations for 4He using the one- and two-body part of the correlated Hamiltonian compare favorably with exact many-body methods. Calculations for 16O and 40Ca which are not possible with exact methods are performed using harmonic oscillator shell model states. The observed deviation from the experimental binding energies and radii is attributed to the missing three-body forces. The correlated interaction in a basis-free representation is used in the Fermionic Molecular Dynamics model to calculate the nuclei of the p- and the sd-shell. In this model the uncorrelated many-particle state is given as a Slaterdeterminant of Gaussian wave-packets with spin and isospin degrees of freedom which allows a consistent description of spherically symmetric, intrinsically deformed and clustered nuclei.
Background: The concept of single-nucleon shells constitutes a basic pillar of our understanding of nuclear structure. Effective single-particle energies (ESPEs) introduced by French [Proceedings of the International School of Physics ``Enrico Fermi,'' Course XXXVI, Varenna 1965, edited by C. Bloch (Academic Press, New York, 1966)] and Baranger [Nucl. Phys. A 149, 225 (1970)] represent the most appropriate tool to relate many-body observables to a single-nucleon shell structure. As briefly discussed in Duguet and Hagen [Phys. Rev. C 85, 034330 (2012)], the dependence of ESPEs on one-nucleon transfer probability matrices makes them purely theoretical quantities that ``run'' with the nonobservable resolution scale $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ employed in the calculation.Purpose: Given that ESPEs provide a way to interpret the many-body problem in terms of simpler theoretical ingredients, the goal is to specify the terms, i.e., the exact sense and conditions, in which this interpretation can be conducted meaningfully.Methods: While the nuclear shell structure is both scale and scheme dependent, the present study focuses on the former. A detailed discussion is provided to illustrate the scale (in)dependence of observables and nonobservables and the reasons why ESPEs, i.e., the shell structure, belong to the latter category. State-of-the-art multireference in-medium similarity renormalization group and self-consistent Gorkov Green's function many-body calculations are employed to corroborate the formal analysis. This is done by comparing the behavior of several observables and of nonobservable ESPEs (and spectroscopic factors) under (quasi) unitary similarity renormalization group transformations of the Hamiltonian parametrized by the resolution scale $\ensuremath{\lambda}$.Results: The formal proofs are confirmed by the results of ab initio many-body calculations in their current stage of implementation. In practice, the unitarity of the similarity transformations is broken owing to the omission of induced many-body interactions beyond three-body operators and to the nonexact treatment of the many-body Schr\"odinger equation. The impact of this breaking is first characterized by quantifying the artificial running of observables over a (necessarily) finite interval of $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ values. Then the genuine running of ESPEs is characterized and shown to be convincingly larger than the one of observables (which would be zero in an exact calculation).Conclusions: The nonobservable nature of the nuclear shell structure, i.e., the fact that it constitutes an intrinsically theoretical object with no counterpart in the empirical world, must be recognized and assimilated. Indeed, the shell structure cannot be determined uniquely from experimental data and cannot be talked about in an absolute sense as it depends on the nonobservable resolution scale employed in the theoretical calculation. It is only at the price of fixing arbitrarily (but conveniently) such a scale that one can establish correlations between observables and the shell structure. To some extent, fixing the resolution scale provides ESPEs (and spectroscopic factors) with a quasi-observable character. Eventually, practitioners can refer to nuclear shells and spectroscopic factors in their analyses of nuclear phenomena if, and only if, they use consistent structure and reaction theoretical schemes based on a fixed resolution scale they have agreed on prior to performing their analysis and comparisons.
This review aims at a critical discussion of the interplay between effective interactions derived from various many-body approaches and spectroscopic data extracted from large scale shell-model studies. To achieve this, our many-body scheme starts with the free nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction, typically modelled on various meson exchanges. The NN interaction is in turn renormalized in order to derive an effective medium dependent interaction. The latter is in turn used in shell-model calculations of selected nuclei. We also describe how to sum up the parquet class of diagrams and present initial uses of the effective interactions in coupled cluster many-body theory.